per-row cell-run repaint

.classpath

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<classpath>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/java">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/resources">
+		<attributes>
+			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
+			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
+		</attributes>
+	</classpathentry>
+	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER/org.eclipse.jdt.internal.debug.ui.launcher.StandardVMType/JavaSE-21/"/>
+	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleclasspathcontainer"/>
+	<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin/default"/>
+</classpath>

.codexsession

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+019e6999-b7c8-7591-a8aa-ea51b89a7f7e

.gitattributes

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-*.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

.gitignore

@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@ devenv.local.yaml
 # pre-commit
 .pre-commit-config.yaml
 build
+build
 .gradle
 bin
-.settings
-.project
-.worktrees
-.classpath
-.codexsession

.ignore

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 .gradle
-bin
 result
-.worktrees
+bin

.project

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<projectDescription>
+	<name>jprototerm</name>
+	<comment>Project jprototerm created by Buildship.</comment>
+	<projects>
+	</projects>
+	<buildSpec>
+		<buildCommand>
+			<name>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder</name>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+		</buildCommand>
+		<buildCommand>
+			<name>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectbuilder</name>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+		</buildCommand>
+	</buildSpec>
+	<natures>
+		<nature>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature</nature>
+		<nature>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectnature</nature>
+	</natures>
+	<filteredResources>
+		<filter>
+			<id>1779917652126</id>
+			<name></name>
+			<type>30</type>
+			<matcher>
+				<id>org.eclipse.core.resources.regexFilterMatcher</id>
+				<arguments>node_modules|\.git|__CREATED_BY_JAVA_LANGUAGE_SERVER__</arguments>
+			</matcher>
+		</filter>
+	</filteredResources>
+</projectDescription>

.settings/org.eclipse.buildship.core.prefs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+arguments=--init-script /home/anon/Src/eclipse.jdt.ls/org.eclipse.jdt.ls.product/target/repository/configuration/org.eclipse.osgi/58/0/.cp/gradle/init/init.gradle
+auto.sync=false
+build.scans.enabled=false
+connection.gradle.distribution=GRADLE_DISTRIBUTION(LOCAL_INSTALLATION(/home/anon/.sdkman/candidates/gradle/current))
+connection.project.dir=
+eclipse.preferences.version=1
+gradle.user.home=
+java.home=/nix/store/c3pl7bqrx3d2rc3dh98z6yaj0mv1p52g-openjdk-21.0.10+7/lib/openjdk
+jvm.arguments=
+offline.mode=false
+override.workspace.settings=true
+show.console.view=true
+show.executions.view=true

README.md

@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ navigate_up = "ALT+K"
 navigate_right = "ALT+L"
 toggle_floating = "ALT+F"
 new_pane = "ALT+N"
-next_floating = "ALT+F12"
 close_pane = "ALT+X"
 new_tab = "ALT+A"
 previous_tab = "ALT+SHIFT+H"
@@ -121,7 +120,6 @@ open_scrollback = "ALT+S"
 - `Alt+n`: new pane — a floating pane when floating panes are shown, otherwise a new tiled
   pane (tiled panes are split equally across the width)
 - `Alt+f`: show or hide all floating panes
-- `Alt+F12`: cycle floating panes
 - `Alt+x`: close the active pane; closing a tab's last pane closes the tab, and closing the
   last pane of the last tab quits
 - `Alt+a`: new tab

config.example.toml

@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ navigate_down = "ALT+J"
 navigate_up = "ALT+K"
 navigate_right = "ALT+L"
 toggle_floating = "ALT+F"
-new_floating = "ALT+SHIFT+F"
+new_pane = "ALT+N"
-next_floating = "ALT+F12"
 close_pane = "ALT+X"
 open_font_selector = "ALT+T"
 open_scrollback = "ALT+S"
-paste = "CTRL+SHIFT+V"

devenv.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+{
+  "nodes": {
+    "devenv": {
+      "locked": {
+        "dir": "src/modules",
+        "lastModified": 1779749056,
+        "narHash": "sha256-AtocdrunzuxTvSDn+82RntEhrs6TicM6Z4/zNQS9KKg=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "rev": "099ac65fcef79e88127bdc06adbd1ea94255274a",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "dir": "src/modules",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs-src": "nixpkgs-src"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1778507786,
+        "narHash": "sha256-HzSQCKMsMr8r55LwM1JuzIOB+8bzk0FEv6sItKvsfoY=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "8f24a228a782e24576b155d1e39f0d914b380691",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "ref": "rolling",
+        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs-src": {
+      "flake": false,
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1778274207,
+        "narHash": "sha256-I4puXmX1iovcCHZlRmztO3vW0mAbbRvq4F8wgIMQ1MM=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "b3da656039dc7a6240f27b2ef8cc6a3ef3bccae7",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "root": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "devenv": "devenv",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "root": "root",
+  "version": 7
+}

devenv.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{ pkgs, lib, config, inputs, ... }:
+
+let
+  system = pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.system;
+
+  jlibghostty = builtins.getFlake
+    "git+https://gitea.gregorlohaus.com/gregor/jlibghostty.git";
+
+  jlib = jlibghostty.packages.${system}.jlibghostty;
+  hostNvidiaLibs = ".devenv/host-nvidia-libs";
+in
+{
+  packages = [
+    pkgs.git
+    pkgs.gradle_9
+    pkgs.jdk25
+    pkgs.jdt-language-server
+    pkgs.openjfx
+
+    pkgs.glib
+    pkgs.xorg.libXxf86vm
+    pkgs.xorg.libXrender
+    pkgs.xorg.libXtst
+    pkgs.xorg.libXi
+    pkgs.xorg.libXrandr
+
+    pkgs.libGL
+    pkgs.gtk3
+    pkgs.alsa-lib
+    pkgs.mesa-demos
+  ];
+
+  env.LD_LIBRARY_PATH = "${hostNvidiaLibs}:" + lib.makeLibraryPath [
+    pkgs.openjfx
+
+    pkgs.glib
+    pkgs.xorg.libXxf86vm
+    pkgs.xorg.libXrender
+    pkgs.xorg.libXtst
+    pkgs.xorg.libXi
+    pkgs.xorg.libXrandr
+
+    pkgs.libGL
+    pkgs.gtk3
+    pkgs.alsa-lib
+  ] + ":/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current";
+  env.__GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME = "nvidia";
+  env.__EGL_VENDOR_LIBRARY_FILENAMES = "/usr/share/glvnd/egl_vendor.d/10_nvidia.json";
+  env.JLIBGHOSTTY_MAVEN_REPO = "${jlib}/maven";
+
+  enterShell = ''
+    mkdir -p ${hostNvidiaLibs}
+    for lib in \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia*.so* \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGLX_nvidia.so* \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_nvidia.so* \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libnvidia*.so* \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libGLX_nvidia.so* \
+      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libEGL_nvidia.so*
+    do
+      if [ -e "$lib" ]; then
+        ln -sfn "$lib" ${hostNvidiaLibs}/"$(basename "$lib")"
+      fi
+    done
+  '';
+}

devenv.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=https://devenv.sh/devenv.schema.json
+inputs:
+  nixpkgs:
+    url: github:cachix/devenv-nixpkgs/rolling
+
+# If you're using non-OSS software, you can set allowUnfree to true.
+# allowUnfree: true
+
+# If you're not willing to allow unsupported packages:
+# allowUnsupportedSystem: false
+
+# If you're willing to use a package that's vulnerable
+# permittedInsecurePackages:
+#  - "openssl-1.1.1w"
+
+# If you have more than one devenv you can merge them
+#imports:
+# - ./backend

flake.lock

@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@
         "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1780272954,
+        "lastModified": 1780079529,
-        "narHash": "sha256-bVWY60iw8yPIu7I8FuRPf06T0H1TDvQDVUlzeHQs8UA=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-AxlGTL8c5xSLcQHvWlm994IdOqxsN8iKrA02Cpv7vso=",
         "ref": "refs/heads/main",
-        "rev": "06a9d5d3ecf11c58f0e41214d1b59900e672dd3a",
+        "rev": "68121d50b52fb56038871c97c97e7a12ffe987c2",
-        "revCount": 24,
+        "revCount": 20,
         "type": "git",
         "url": "https://gitea.gregorlohaus.com/gregor/jlibghostty.git"
       },

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/AppConfig.java

@@ -37,15 +37,12 @@ public record AppConfig(
             "navigate_right",
             "toggle_floating",
             "new_pane",
-            "next_floating",
-            "promote_floating",
             "close_pane",
             "new_tab",
             "previous_tab",
             "next_tab",
             "open_font_selector",
-            "open_scrollback",
+            "open_scrollback"
-            "paste"
     );
 
     public static AppConfig load() {
@@ -98,15 +95,12 @@ public record AppConfig(
                         Map.entry("navigate_right", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+L")),
                         Map.entry("toggle_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+F")),
                         Map.entry("new_pane", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+N")),
-                        Map.entry("next_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+F12")),
-                        Map.entry("promote_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+P")),
                         Map.entry("close_pane", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+X")),
                         Map.entry("new_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+A")),
                         Map.entry("previous_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+SHIFT+H")),
                         Map.entry("next_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+SHIFT+L")),
                         Map.entry("open_font_selector", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+T")),
-                        Map.entry("open_scrollback", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+S")),
+                        Map.entry("open_scrollback", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+S"))
-                        Map.entry("paste", KeyBinding.parse("CTRL+SHIFT+V"))
                 )
         );
     }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Compositor.java

@@ -4,60 +4,52 @@ import dev.jlibghostty.KeyModifiers;
 import dev.jlibghostty.MouseButton;
 import dev.jlibghostty.MouseEncoderSize;
 import dev.jlibghostty.MouseInput;
-import javafx.geometry.VPos;
+import javafx.geometry.Pos;
-import javafx.scene.Node;
+import javafx.scene.Parent;
-import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
-import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
 import javafx.scene.input.InputEvent;
 import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
 import javafx.scene.input.ScrollEvent;
 import javafx.scene.input.ScrollEvent.VerticalTextScrollUnits;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Background;
+import javafx.scene.layout.BackgroundFill;
+import javafx.scene.layout.CornerRadii;
+import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
 import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
-import javafx.scene.text.Font;
-import javafx.scene.text.FontSmoothingType;
-import javafx.scene.text.TextAlignment;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
- * Owns the window's tabs and drives rendering and input. It composites only the current tab:
+ * Owns the window's tabs and exposes the terminal surface as a JavaFX scene graph. Each
- * each frame it lays that tab out, paints the panes bottom-to-top (so the active floating pane
+ * terminal pane is mounted as its own node, so JavaFX child order handles stacking and clipping
- * lands on top) and lets each pane paint its own content, clipped to the region the layout gave
+ * between panes. The pane model still owns terminals, ptys, cell geometry, and snapshots; this
- * it. The cross-pane concerns live here — the dirty-frame bookkeeping, the tab strip, routing
+ * class handles tab/pane lifecycle, layout, focus, mouse routing, and frame scheduling.
- * mouse/scroll to the pane under the pointer, and the tab/pane lifecycle that {@link Main}'s key
- * bindings invoke.
  */
 public final class Compositor {
-    // Canvas background shown wherever no pane covers (gaps). Painted on a full recomposite.
     private static final Color GAP_BACKGROUND = Color.rgb(16, 16, 18);
     private static final Color TAB_TEXT = Color.rgb(225, 229, 235);
-    // Thin tab strip shown at the top when more than one tab is open.
+    private static final Color TAB_INACTIVE_TEXT = Color.rgb(128, 136, 148);
+    private static final Color TAB_ACTIVE_BACKGROUND = Color.rgb(45, 55, 72);
+    private static final Color TAB_INACTIVE_BACKGROUND = Color.rgb(22, 24, 28);
     private static final double TAB_BAR_HEIGHT = 22.0;
 
-    private final Canvas canvas = new Canvas();
+    private final Pane root = new Pane();
-    // Kitty images are drawn as retained nodes layered over the canvas, not composited onto it.
+    private final Pane paneLayer = new Pane();
-    private final KittyImageOverlay imageOverlay = new KittyImageOverlay();
+    private final HBox tabBar = new HBox(1.0);
     private final AppConfig config;
     private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
     private final List<Tab> tabs = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final Map<TerminalPane, TerminalPaneNode> nodes = new HashMap<>();
     private int currentTabIndex;
-    // Bumped on any structural change (tab switch, pane add/close/focus/move) so render()
+    private boolean sceneDirty = true;
-    // knows to recomposite. Terminal *content* changes are tracked separately through each
-    // tab's content version.
-    private long layoutVersion;
-    // Last content version drawn to the canvas per pane, so a content frame repaints only
-    // the panes that actually changed.
-    private final Map<TerminalPane, Long> paneContentVersion = new HashMap<>();
-    // Cheap per-frame dirty signal: skip the whole render when none of these changed.
     private double lastWidth = -1.0;
     private double lastHeight = -1.0;
-    private String lastFontFamily;
-    private double lastFontSize = -1.0;
-    private long lastLayoutVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     private long lastContentVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     private boolean mouseButtonPressed;
     private MouseButton pressedButton = MouseButton.UNKNOWN;
@@ -66,27 +58,25 @@ public final class Compositor {
         this.config = config;
         this.metrics = metrics;
         tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics));
-        canvas.setFocusTraversable(true);
+
-        canvas.setOnMousePressed(this::handleMousePressed);
+        root.setFocusTraversable(true);
-        canvas.setOnMouseReleased(this::handleMouseReleased);
+        root.setBackground(new Background(new BackgroundFill(GAP_BACKGROUND, CornerRadii.EMPTY, null)));
-        canvas.setOnMouseDragged(this::handleMouseDragged);
+        root.getChildren().setAll(paneLayer, tabBar);
-        canvas.setOnMouseMoved(this::handleMouseMoved);
+        root.setOnMousePressed(event -> root.requestFocus());
-        canvas.setOnScroll(this::handleScroll);
     }
 
-    public Canvas canvas() {
+    public Parent node() {
-        return canvas;
+        return root;
     }
 
-    /** The kitty-image overlay, to be stacked directly above {@link #canvas()} in the window. */
+    public void requestFocus() {
-    public Node imageOverlay() {
+        root.requestFocus();
-        return imageOverlay.node();
     }
 
     public void setFont(String family, double size) {
         metrics.setFont(family, size);
-        paneContentVersion.clear();
+        nodes.values().forEach(TerminalPaneNode::discard);
-        lastWidth = -1.0; // force a redraw on the next frame
+        markSceneDirty();
     }
 
     // ---- Tabs and panes -------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -101,7 +91,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
 
     public void navigate(Direction direction) {
         if (!isEmpty() && currentTab().navigate(direction)) {
-            layoutVersion++;
+            markSceneDirty();
         }
     }
 
@@ -110,7 +100,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
             return;
         }
         currentTab().toggleFloating();
-        layoutVersion++;
+        markSceneDirty();
     }
 
     public void createPane() {
@@ -118,33 +108,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
             return;
         }
         currentTab().createPane();
-        layoutVersion++;
+        markSceneDirty();
-    }
-
-    /** Opens a new floating pane, makes it active, and returns it (null when no tab exists). */
-    public TerminalPane openFloatingPane() {
-        if (isEmpty()) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        TerminalPane pane = currentTab().createFloatingPane();
-        layoutVersion++;
-        return pane;
-    }
-
-    public void nextFloatingPane() {
-        if (isEmpty()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        currentTab().nextFloatingPane();
-        layoutVersion++;
-    }
-
-    public void promoteActiveFloating() {
-        if (isEmpty()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        currentTab().promoteActiveFloating();
-        layoutVersion++;
     }
 
     public void closeActivePane() {
@@ -153,36 +117,31 @@ public final class Compositor {
         }
         currentTab().closeActivePane();
         if (currentTab().isEmpty()) {
-            // Closing a tab's last pane closes the tab. When no tabs remain the surface is
-            // empty and Main quits.
             tabs.remove(currentTabIndex);
             if (currentTabIndex >= tabs.size()) {
                 currentTabIndex = Math.max(0, tabs.size() - 1);
             }
         }
-        layoutVersion++;
+        markSceneDirty();
     }
 
     public void newTab() {
-        // Open the new tab in the currently active pane's working directory, so it lands where the
+        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics));
-        // user currently is rather than always in home.
-        String workingDirectory = isEmpty() ? null : currentTab().activePane().currentWorkingDirectory();
-        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics, workingDirectory));
         currentTabIndex = tabs.size() - 1;
-        layoutVersion++;
+        markSceneDirty();
     }
 
     public void nextTab() {
         if (tabs.size() > 1) {
             currentTabIndex = (currentTabIndex + 1) % tabs.size();
-            layoutVersion++;
+            markSceneDirty();
         }
     }
 
     public void previousTab() {
         if (tabs.size() > 1) {
             currentTabIndex = (currentTabIndex - 1 + tabs.size()) % tabs.size();
-            layoutVersion++;
+            markSceneDirty();
         }
     }
 
@@ -191,6 +150,8 @@ public final class Compositor {
             tab.close();
         }
         tabs.clear();
+        nodes.clear();
+        paneLayer.getChildren().clear();
     }
 
     private Tab currentTab() {
@@ -201,143 +162,140 @@ public final class Compositor {
         return tabs.isEmpty() ? List.of() : currentTab().panes();
     }
 
+    private List<TerminalPane> allOpenPanes() {
+        List<TerminalPane> panes = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Tab tab : tabs) {
+            panes.addAll(tab.allPanes());
+        }
+        return panes;
+    }
+
     private boolean isActive(TerminalPane pane) {
         return !tabs.isEmpty() && currentTab().isActive(pane);
     }
 
     private void focus(TerminalPane pane) {
         if (!tabs.isEmpty() && currentTab().focus(pane)) {
-            layoutVersion++;
+            markSceneDirty();
         }
     }
 
     // ---- Rendering ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     public void render() {
-        switch (nextFrameType()) {
+        double width = root.getWidth();
-            case IDLE -> { }
+        double height = root.getHeight();
-            case LAYOUT -> renderLayoutFrame();
-            case CONTENT -> renderContentFrame();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Classify this frame and commit the change trackers. A layout change (size, font,
-    // tab/pane set, z-order, active pane) needs a full recomposite; otherwise a change to the
-    // current tab's content version repaints only the panes that changed; otherwise nothing
-    // changed and the frame is idle.
-    private FrameType nextFrameType() {
-        double width = canvas.getWidth();
-        double height = canvas.getHeight();
         long contentVersion = tabs.isEmpty() ? 0 : currentTab().contentVersion();
-
+        boolean geometryChanged = width != lastWidth || height != lastHeight;
-        boolean layoutChanged = width != lastWidth || height != lastHeight
-                || metrics.fontSize() != lastFontSize || !Objects.equals(metrics.fontFamily(), lastFontFamily)
-                || layoutVersion != lastLayoutVersion;
         boolean contentChanged = contentVersion != lastContentVersion;
+        boolean syncScene = sceneDirty || geometryChanged;
+
+        if (!syncScene && !contentChanged) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         lastWidth = width;
         lastHeight = height;
-        lastFontFamily = metrics.fontFamily();
-        lastFontSize = metrics.fontSize();
-        lastLayoutVersion = layoutVersion;
         lastContentVersion = contentVersion;
-
+        sceneDirty = false;
-        if (layoutChanged) {
+        if (syncScene) {
-            return FrameType.LAYOUT;
+            syncSceneGraph(width, height);
         }
-        if (contentChanged) {
+        renderVisiblePanes();
-            return FrameType.CONTENT;
-        }
-        return FrameType.IDLE;
     }
 
-    // Full recomposite onto the retained canvas: lay the tab out, clear to the gap colour,
+    private void markSceneDirty() {
-    // draw the tab strip, then paint every pane bottom-to-top (panes() puts the active
+        sceneDirty = true;
-    // floating pane last == on top).
+    }
-    private void renderLayoutFrame() {
+
+    private void syncSceneGraph(double width, double height) {
         double topInset = tabs.size() > 1 ? TAB_BAR_HEIGHT : 0.0;
+
+        paneLayer.resizeRelocate(0.0, 0.0, width, height);
+        updateTabBar(width, topInset);
+
         if (!tabs.isEmpty()) {
-            currentTab().layout(canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight(), topInset);
+            currentTab().layout(width, height, topInset);
         }
+
         List<TerminalPane> panes = currentPanes();
-        // Sync each pane's ghostty grid to its (possibly new) bounds; a no-op when unchanged.
+        retainNodes(allOpenPanes());
+        List<TerminalPaneNode> orderedNodes = new ArrayList<>(panes.size());
         for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
             pane.fitToBounds();
+            TerminalPaneNode node = nodeFor(pane);
+            node.resizeRelocate(Math.round(pane.x()), Math.round(pane.y()), pane.width(), pane.height());
+            orderedNodes.add(node);
+        }
+        paneLayer.getChildren().setAll(orderedNodes);
     }
 
-        GraphicsContext gc = beginFrame();
+    private void renderVisiblePanes() {
-        paneContentVersion.keySet().retainAll(panes);
+        for (TerminalPane pane : currentPanes()) {
-        gc.setFill(GAP_BACKGROUND);
+            TerminalPaneNode node = nodes.get(pane);
-        gc.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight());
+            if (node != null) {
-        if (topInset > 0.0) {
+                node.renderIncremental(isActive(pane));
-            drawTabBar(gc, canvas.getWidth(), topInset);
             }
-        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
-            paneContentVersion.put(pane, pane.paintFull(gc, isActive(pane)));
-        }
-        imageOverlay.sync(panes);
-    }
-
-    // Repaint just the panes whose content changed, directly on the retained canvas. Each pane
-    // clips itself to its rect minus the panes above it, so a lower pane's repaint can't bleed
-    // over one stacked on top — no restore pass needed. Bounds and grids can't have changed
-    // without a layout frame, so a content frame reuses the existing layout untouched.
-    private void renderContentFrame() {
-        List<TerminalPane> panes = currentPanes();
-        GraphicsContext gc = beginFrame();
-
-        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
-            Long drawn = paneContentVersion.get(pane);
-            if (drawn != null && drawn == pane.contentVersion()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            paneContentVersion.put(pane, pane.paintIncremental(gc, isActive(pane)));
-            imageOverlay.updatePane(pane);
         }
     }
 
-    private GraphicsContext beginFrame() {
+    private TerminalPaneNode nodeFor(TerminalPane pane) {
-        GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
+        return nodes.computeIfAbsent(pane, this::createNode);
-        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD); // the per-cell renderer relies on LCD
-        return gc;
     }
 
-    // Thin tab strip: one equal-width segment per tab, the current one highlighted, with a
+    private TerminalPaneNode createNode(TerminalPane pane) {
-    // small 1-based number centred in each segment.
+        TerminalPaneNode node = new TerminalPaneNode(pane, metrics);
-    private void drawTabBar(GraphicsContext gc, double width, double barHeight) {
+        node.setOnMousePressed(event -> handleMousePressed(pane, event));
-        int count = tabs.size();
+        node.setOnMouseReleased(event -> handleMouseReleased(pane, event));
-        Font barFont = Font.font(metrics.fontFamily(), Math.max(9.0, Math.min(13.0, barHeight * 0.62)));
+        node.setOnMouseDragged(event -> handleMouseDragged(pane, event));
-        gc.setFont(barFont);
+        node.setOnMouseMoved(event -> handleMouseMoved(pane, event));
-        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.GRAY);
+        node.setOnScroll(event -> handleScroll(pane, event));
-        gc.setTextAlign(TextAlignment.CENTER);
+        return node;
-        gc.setTextBaseline(VPos.CENTER);
+    }
 
-        double gap = 1.0;
+    private void retainNodes(List<TerminalPane> openPanes) {
-        double segmentWidth = width / count;
+        Set<TerminalPane> open = new HashSet<>(openPanes);
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        nodes.keySet().removeIf(pane -> !open.contains(pane));
-            double x = i * segmentWidth;
+    }
+
+    private void updateTabBar(double width, double barHeight) {
+        tabBar.setVisible(barHeight > 0.0);
+        tabBar.setManaged(false);
+        tabBar.resizeRelocate(0.0, 0.0, width, barHeight);
+        tabBar.getChildren().clear();
+        if (barHeight <= 0.0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        double segmentWidth = width / tabs.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tabs.size(); i++) {
+            Label label = new Label(Integer.toString(i + 1));
             boolean current = i == currentTabIndex;
-            gc.setFill(current ? Color.rgb(45, 55, 72) : Color.rgb(22, 24, 28));
+            label.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
-            gc.fillRect(x, 0.0, segmentWidth - gap, barHeight);
+            label.setTextFill(current ? TAB_TEXT : TAB_INACTIVE_TEXT);
-            gc.setFill(current ? TAB_TEXT : Color.rgb(128, 136, 148));
+            label.setBackground(new Background(new BackgroundFill(
-            gc.fillText(Integer.toString(i + 1), x + (segmentWidth - gap) / 2.0, barHeight / 2.0);
+                    current ? TAB_ACTIVE_BACKGROUND : TAB_INACTIVE_BACKGROUND,
+                    CornerRadii.EMPTY,
+                    null)));
+            label.setFont(javafx.scene.text.Font.font(metrics.fontFamily(), Math.max(9.0, Math.min(13.0, barHeight * 0.62))));
+            label.setMinSize(0.0, barHeight);
+            label.setPrefSize(Math.max(0.0, segmentWidth - 1.0), barHeight);
+            label.setMaxSize(Double.MAX_VALUE, barHeight);
+            final int index = i;
+            label.setOnMousePressed(event -> {
+                currentTabIndex = index;
+                markSceneDirty();
+                root.requestFocus();
+                event.consume();
+            });
+            tabBar.getChildren().add(label);
         }
-
-        // Restore the defaults the cell renderer relies on (left-aligned, baseline, LCD).
-        gc.setTextAlign(TextAlignment.LEFT);
-        gc.setTextBaseline(VPos.BASELINE);
-        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD);
     }
 
     // ---- Input ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    private void handleMousePressed(MouseEvent event) {
+    private void handleMousePressed(TerminalPane pane, MouseEvent event) {
-        canvas.requestFocus();
+        root.requestFocus();
-        TerminalPane pane = paneAt(event.getX(), event.getY());
-        if (pane == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
         focus(pane);
         pressedButton = mouseButton(event);
         mouseButtonPressed = true;
@@ -345,58 +303,38 @@ public final class Compositor {
         if (target == null) {
             return;
         }
-        send(pane, target, MouseInput.press(pressedButton, localX(event.getX(), pane, target), localY(event.getY(), pane, target), modifiers(event)), true, event);
+        send(pane, target, MouseInput.press(pressedButton, localX(event.getX(), target), localY(event.getY(), target), modifiers(event)), true, event);
-    }
-
-    private void handleMouseReleased(MouseEvent event) {
-        TerminalPane pane = paneAt(event.getX(), event.getY());
-        if (pane == null) {
-            pane = activePane();
     }
 
+    private void handleMouseReleased(TerminalPane pane, MouseEvent event) {
         MouseButton button = pressedButton == MouseButton.UNKNOWN ? mouseButton(event) : pressedButton;
         MouseTarget target = mouseTarget(pane);
         if (target != null) {
-            send(pane, target, MouseInput.release(button, localX(event.getX(), pane, target), localY(event.getY(), pane, target), modifiers(event)), false, event);
+            send(pane, target, MouseInput.release(button, localX(event.getX(), target), localY(event.getY(), target), modifiers(event)), false, event);
         }
         mouseButtonPressed = false;
         pressedButton = MouseButton.UNKNOWN;
     }
 
-    private void handleMouseDragged(MouseEvent event) {
+    private void handleMouseDragged(TerminalPane pane, MouseEvent event) {
-        TerminalPane pane = paneAt(event.getX(), event.getY());
-        if (pane == null) {
-            pane = activePane();
-        }
-
         MouseButton button = pressedButton == MouseButton.UNKNOWN ? mouseButton(event) : pressedButton;
         MouseTarget target = mouseTarget(pane);
         if (target == null) {
             return;
         }
-        send(pane, target, MouseInput.drag(button, localX(event.getX(), pane, target), localY(event.getY(), pane, target), modifiers(event)), true, event);
+        send(pane, target, MouseInput.drag(button, localX(event.getX(), target), localY(event.getY(), target), modifiers(event)), true, event);
-    }
-
-    private void handleMouseMoved(MouseEvent event) {
-        TerminalPane pane = paneAt(event.getX(), event.getY());
-        if (pane == null) {
-            return;
     }
 
+    private void handleMouseMoved(TerminalPane pane, MouseEvent event) {
         MouseTarget target = mouseTarget(pane);
         if (target == null) {
             return;
         }
-        send(pane, target, MouseInput.motion(localX(event.getX(), pane, target), localY(event.getY(), pane, target), modifiers(event)), mouseButtonPressed, event);
+        send(pane, target, MouseInput.motion(localX(event.getX(), target), localY(event.getY(), target), modifiers(event)), mouseButtonPressed, event);
     }
 
-    private void handleScroll(ScrollEvent event) {
+    private void handleScroll(TerminalPane pane, ScrollEvent event) {
-        TerminalPane pane = paneAt(event.getX(), event.getY());
+        root.requestFocus();
-        if (pane == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        canvas.requestFocus();
         focus(pane);
         int direction = scrollDirection(event);
         if (direction == 0) {
@@ -408,9 +346,8 @@ public final class Compositor {
         MouseTarget target = mouseTarget(pane);
         boolean sent = false;
         if (target != null) {
-            // The wheel sends one button press per scrolled row; resolve the position once.
+            double ex = localX(event.getX(), target);
-            double ex = localX(event.getX(), pane, target);
+            double ey = localY(event.getY(), target);
-            double ey = localY(event.getY(), pane, target);
             KeyModifiers modifiers = modifiers(event);
             for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
                 if (!send(pane, target, MouseInput.press(wheelButton, ex, ey, modifiers), mouseButtonPressed, event)) {
@@ -420,14 +357,11 @@ public final class Compositor {
             }
         }
         if (!sent) {
-            // Not consumed by the app (e.g. mouse reporting off): scroll the local viewport.
             pane.scrollViewport(direction > 0 ? -rows : rows);
             event.consume();
         }
     }
 
-    // Forward an already-positioned mouse event to the pane, consuming it if the pane (i.e.
-    // the app running in it) acted on it. Returns whether it was sent.
     private boolean send(TerminalPane pane, MouseTarget target, MouseInput input, boolean anyButtonPressed, InputEvent event) {
         boolean sent = pane.sendMouse(input, target.size(), anyButtonPressed);
         if (sent) {
@@ -436,17 +370,6 @@ public final class Compositor {
         return sent;
     }
 
-    private TerminalPane paneAt(double x, double y) {
-        List<TerminalPane> panes = currentPanes();
-        for (int i = panes.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            TerminalPane pane = panes.get(i);
-            if (x >= pane.x() && x < pane.x() + pane.width() && y >= pane.y() && y < pane.y() + pane.height()) {
-                return pane;
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
     private MouseTarget mouseTarget(TerminalPane pane) {
         if (pane.width() <= 2 * TerminalMetrics.PADDING || pane.height() <= 2 * TerminalMetrics.PADDING) {
             return null;
@@ -461,14 +384,12 @@ public final class Compositor {
         return new MouseTarget(MouseEncoderSize.of(screenWidth, screenHeight, cellWidth, cellHeight), screenWidth, screenHeight);
     }
 
-    // Resolve a canvas-space pointer position to a pane-local pixel coordinate, clamped to
+    private static double localX(double nodeX, MouseTarget target) {
-    // the pane's reported screen size (what ghostty's mouse encoder expects).
+        return clamp(nodeX - TerminalMetrics.PADDING, 0.0, target.screenWidth() - 1.0);
-    private static double localX(double canvasX, TerminalPane pane, MouseTarget target) {
-        return clamp(canvasX - pane.x() - TerminalMetrics.PADDING, 0.0, target.screenWidth() - 1.0);
     }
 
-    private static double localY(double canvasY, TerminalPane pane, MouseTarget target) {
+    private static double localY(double nodeY, MouseTarget target) {
-        return clamp(canvasY - pane.y() - TerminalMetrics.PADDING, 0.0, target.screenHeight() - 1.0);
+        return clamp(nodeY - TerminalMetrics.PADDING, 0.0, target.screenHeight() - 1.0);
     }
 
     private static double clamp(double value, double min, double max) {
@@ -516,13 +437,6 @@ public final class Compositor {
         };
     }
 
-    // What one render() pass should do, decided from the change trackers in nextFrame().
-    private enum FrameType {
-        IDLE,     // nothing changed since the last frame
-        LAYOUT,   // geometry/font/tab/pane set changed: clear and repaint everything
-        CONTENT   // only terminal content changed: repaint the panes that changed
-    }
-
     private record MouseTarget(MouseEncoderSize size, long screenWidth, long screenHeight) {
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/KeyEncoder.java

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ final class KeyEncoder {
         return switch (code) {
             case ENTER -> "\r";
             case BACK_SPACE -> "\u007f";
-            case TAB -> event.isShiftDown() ? "\u001b[Z" : "\t";
+            case TAB -> "\t";
             case ESCAPE -> "\u001b";
             case UP -> "\u001b[A";
             case DOWN -> "\u001b[B";

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/KittyImageNode.java

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.gregor.jprototerm;
-
-import javafx.scene.image.Image;
-
-/**
- * A single kitty image to display, produced by the renderer and consumed by {@link
- * KittyImageOverlay}. Images are not painted onto the canvas; each becomes a retained
- * {@code ImageView} node positioned over the pane. The {@code source*} fields are the region of
- * {@link #image()} to show (in image pixels); the {@code x/y/width/height} are where to put it,
- * in scene coordinates (the same space the pane's clip {@code Shape} lives in).
- *
- * <p>{@code imageId}+{@code placementId} identify the placement so the overlay can reuse the
- * same node across frames instead of recreating it.
- */
-record KittyImageNode(
-        long imageId,
-        long placementId,
-        Image image,
-        double sourceX,
-        double sourceY,
-        double sourceWidth,
-        double sourceHeight,
-        double x,
-        double y,
-        double width,
-        double height
-) {
-    /** Stable per-pane key for node reuse. Packs the two u32 ids without collision. */
-    long key() {
-        return (imageId << 32) | (placementId & 0xffffffffL);
-    }
-}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/KittyImageOverlay.java

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-package com.gregor.jprototerm;
-
-import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
-import javafx.scene.Group;
-import javafx.scene.Node;
-import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
-import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-/**
- * Renders kitty graphics images as retained scene-graph nodes layered over the {@link Compositor}
- * canvas, instead of compositing them onto the canvas. Each pane gets a {@link Group} clipped to
- * that pane's region (the same clip {@code Shape} the canvas renderer uses), and each visible
- * image placement is an {@link ImageView} inside it, reused across frames so an unchanged image
- * costs nothing to redraw.
- *
- * <p>The overlay {@link #node()} is mouse-transparent and sits above the canvas in the window's
- * {@code StackPane}; its children use scene coordinates, which line up with the canvas because
- * both fill the same root.
- */
-final class KittyImageOverlay {
-    private final Pane root = new Pane();
-    private final Map<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay> overlays = new HashMap<>();
-
-    KittyImageOverlay() {
-        // Input belongs to the canvas underneath; the overlay only shows pixels.
-        root.setMouseTransparent(true);
-        root.setManaged(false);
-    }
-
-    Node node() {
-        return root;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Full reconcile to {@code panes} (bottom-to-top): drop overlays for panes that went away,
-     * refresh each surviving/added pane's images and clip, and order the per-pane groups to match
-     * the pane z-order. Called on layout frames, after the panes have painted.
-     */
-    void sync(List<TerminalPane> panes) {
-        Iterator<Map.Entry<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay>> it = overlays.entrySet().iterator();
-        while (it.hasNext()) {
-            Map.Entry<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay> entry = it.next();
-            if (!panes.contains(entry.getKey())) {
-                root.getChildren().remove(entry.getValue().group);
-                it.remove();
-            }
-        }
-        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
-            updatePane(pane);
-        }
-        // Only panes that actually have images get a group; order those to match pane z-order.
-        List<Node> ordered = new ArrayList<>(panes.size());
-        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
-            PaneOverlay overlay = overlays.get(pane);
-            if (overlay != null) {
-                ordered.add(overlay.group);
-            }
-        }
-        if (!root.getChildren().equals(ordered)) {
-            root.getChildren().setAll(ordered);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Refresh one pane's images and clip (called on content frames for each repainted pane).
-     * Creates the pane's group if this is the first time it has shown an image.
-     */
-    void updatePane(TerminalPane pane) {
-        List<KittyImageNode> images = pane.kittyImages();
-        PaneOverlay overlay = overlays.get(pane);
-        if (overlay == null) {
-            if (images.isEmpty()) {
-                return;
-            }
-            overlay = new PaneOverlay();
-            overlays.put(pane, overlay);
-            root.getChildren().add(overlay.group);
-        }
-        overlay.group.setClip(clipFor(pane));
-        reconcile(overlay, images);
-    }
-
-    private static void reconcile(PaneOverlay overlay, List<KittyImageNode> images) {
-        Set<Long> seen = new HashSet<>();
-        for (KittyImageNode node : images) {
-            long key = node.key();
-            seen.add(key);
-            ImageView view = overlay.views.get(key);
-            if (view == null) {
-                view = new ImageView();
-                view.setManaged(false);
-                view.setSmooth(true);
-                view.setPreserveRatio(false);
-                overlay.views.put(key, view);
-                overlay.group.getChildren().add(view);
-            }
-            apply(view, node);
-        }
-        if (overlay.views.size() == seen.size()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, ImageView>> it = overlay.views.entrySet().iterator();
-        while (it.hasNext()) {
-            Map.Entry<Long, ImageView> entry = it.next();
-            if (!seen.contains(entry.getKey())) {
-                overlay.group.getChildren().remove(entry.getValue());
-                it.remove();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void apply(ImageView view, KittyImageNode node) {
-        if (view.getImage() != node.image()) {
-            view.setImage(node.image());
-        }
-        view.setViewport(new Rectangle2D(node.sourceX(), node.sourceY(), node.sourceWidth(), node.sourceHeight()));
-        view.setFitWidth(node.width());
-        view.setFitHeight(node.height());
-        view.setLayoutX(node.x());
-        view.setLayoutY(node.y());
-    }
-
-    // The pane's occlusion clip when one is set (rect minus covering panes), else the pane's
-    // plain bounds so an image can't spill outside its pane. Matches Tab's pixel snapping.
-    private static Shape clipFor(TerminalPane pane) {
-        Shape clip = pane.clip();
-        if (clip != null) {
-            return clip;
-        }
-        return new Rectangle(Math.round(pane.x()), Math.round(pane.y()), pane.width(), pane.height());
-    }
-
-    private static final class PaneOverlay {
-        private final Group group = new Group();
-        private final Map<Long, ImageView> views = new HashMap<>();
-
-        private PaneOverlay() {
-            group.setManaged(false);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/LinuxPty.java

@@ -9,9 +9,6 @@ import java.lang.foreign.MemorySegment;
 import java.lang.foreign.SymbolLookup;
 import java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout;
 import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -77,7 +74,6 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
     private static final long SPAWN_ACTIONS_SIZE = 256;
     private static final long SPAWN_ATTR_SIZE = 512;
 
-    private static final MethodHandle TCGETPGRP = handle("tcgetpgrp", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle POSIX_OPENPT = handle("posix_openpt", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle GRANTPT = handle("grantpt", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle UNLOCKPT = handle("unlockpt", FD_INT_INT);
@@ -101,7 +97,6 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
 
     private final Arena arena = Arena.ofShared();
     private final MemorySegment readBuffer = arena.allocate(65536);
-    private final MemorySegment writeBuffer = arena.allocate(65536);
     private final Object writeLock = new Object();
     private final int masterFd;
     private final int pid;
@@ -191,41 +186,19 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
             return;
         }
         synchronized (writeLock) {
-            int offset = 0;
+            try (Arena a = Arena.ofConfined()) {
+                MemorySegment buf = a.allocate(data.length);
+                MemorySegment.copy(data, 0, buf, ValueLayout.JAVA_BYTE, 0, data.length);
+                long offset = 0;
                 while (offset < data.length) {
-                int chunk = (int) Math.min(writeBuffer.byteSize(), data.length - offset);
+                    long n = callLong(WRITE, masterFd, buf.asSlice(offset), data.length - offset);
-                MemorySegment.copy(data, offset, writeBuffer, ValueLayout.JAVA_BYTE, 0, chunk);
+                    if (n < 0) {
-
-                long written = 0;
-                while (written < chunk) {
-                    long n = callLong(WRITE, masterFd, writeBuffer.asSlice(written), chunk - written);
-                    if (n <= 0) {
                         throw new IllegalStateException("write to pty failed");
                     }
-                    written += n;
+                    offset += n;
-                }
-                offset += chunk;
                 }
             }
         }
-
-    /**
-     * Best-effort current working directory of the terminal's foreground process group, read from
-     * {@code /proc}. This tracks the directory the user is actually in (a {@code cd} in the shell,
-     * or a child program that changed dir), so a newly opened pane can start there. Falls back to
-     * the shell's own pid, and returns {@code null} if it cannot be determined.
-     */
-    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
-        if (closed) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        int pgid = callInt(TCGETPGRP, masterFd);
-        int target = pgid > 0 ? pgid : pid;
-        try {
-            return Files.readSymbolicLink(Path.of("/proc", Integer.toString(target), "cwd")).toString();
-        } catch (IOException | RuntimeException ex) {
-            return null;
-        }
     }
 
     /** Resizes the terminal window. */

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Main.java

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package com.gregor.jprototerm;
 import javafx.animation.AnimationTimer;
 import javafx.application.Application;
 import javafx.application.Platform;
-import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
 import javafx.scene.Scene;
 import javafx.scene.control.ButtonType;
 import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
@@ -11,18 +10,14 @@ import javafx.scene.control.Dialog;
 import javafx.scene.control.Label;
 import javafx.scene.control.Spinner;
 import javafx.scene.control.SpinnerValueFactory;
-import javafx.scene.input.Clipboard;
 import javafx.scene.input.KeyEvent;
 import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
-import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
 import javafx.scene.text.Font;
-import javafx.stage.Screen;
 import javafx.stage.Stage;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.util.List;
 
 public final class Main extends Application {
     private Compositor compositor;
@@ -36,11 +31,7 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
         metrics = new TerminalMetrics(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
         compositor = new Compositor(config, metrics);
 
-        StackPane root = new StackPane(compositor.canvas(), compositor.imageOverlay());
+        Scene scene = new Scene(compositor.node(), config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
-        compositor.canvas().widthProperty().bind(root.widthProperty());
-        compositor.canvas().heightProperty().bind(root.heightProperty());
-
-        Scene scene = new Scene(root, config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
         scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, this::handlePressed);
         scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_TYPED, event -> handleTyped(event));
 
@@ -56,35 +47,8 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
         stage.setOnCloseRequest(event -> {
             compositor.close();
         });
-        // JavaFX centres a new stage on the primary screen; on X11 there's no "focused monitor"
-        // to honour, so place it on the screen under the mouse pointer instead.
-        centreOnActiveScreen(stage, config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
         stage.show();
-        // Ask the window manager to raise and focus the new window so the user can type right
+        compositor.requestFocus();
-        // away; the canvas requestFocus() below only routes events within the scene.
-        stage.toFront();
-        stage.requestFocus();
-        compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
-    }
-
-    // Centre the stage within the screen the mouse pointer is on (the best proxy for the
-    // "active" monitor on X11, which exposes no focused-monitor concept to JavaFX).
-    private static void centreOnActiveScreen(Stage stage, double width, double height) {
-        Rectangle2D bounds = activeScreen().getVisualBounds();
-        stage.setX(bounds.getMinX() + ((bounds.getWidth() - width) / 2.0));
-        stage.setY(bounds.getMinY() + ((bounds.getHeight() - height) / 2.0));
-    }
-
-    private static Screen activeScreen() {
-        int[] at = X11Pointer.query();
-        if (at != null) {
-            // libX11 and JavaFX share a coordinate space on the X11 virtual screen.
-            List<Screen> screens = Screen.getScreensForRectangle(at[0], at[1], 1.0, 1.0);
-            if (!screens.isEmpty()) {
-                return screens.get(0);
-            }
-        }
-        return Screen.getPrimary();
     }
 
     private void handlePressed(KeyEvent event) {
@@ -106,12 +70,6 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
         } else if (config.keybindings().get("new_pane").matches(event)) {
             compositor.createPane();
             event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("next_floating").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.nextFloatingPane();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("promote_floating").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.promoteActiveFloating();
-            event.consume();
         } else if (config.keybindings().get("close_pane").matches(event)) {
             compositor.closeActivePane();
             event.consume();
@@ -135,9 +93,6 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
         } else if (config.keybindings().get("open_scrollback").matches(event)) {
             openScrollbackInEditor();
             event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("paste").matches(event)) {
-            pasteFromClipboard();
-            event.consume();
         } else {
             String encoded = KeyEncoder.encode(event);
             if (encoded != null) {
@@ -159,13 +114,6 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
         }
     }
 
-    private void pasteFromClipboard() {
-        Clipboard clipboard = Clipboard.getSystemClipboard();
-        if (clipboard.hasString()) {
-            compositor.activePane().paste(clipboard.getString());
-        }
-    }
-
     private void openFontSelector() {
         Dialog<ButtonType> dialog = new Dialog<>();
         dialog.setTitle("Font");
@@ -205,22 +153,17 @@ public final class Main extends Application {
                     config = config.withFont(selectedFamily.trim(), selectedSize);
                     config.save();
                     compositor.setFont(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
-                    compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
+                    compositor.requestFocus();
                 });
     }
 
     private void openScrollbackInEditor() {
         try {
-            // Capture the active pane's scrollback before opening the floating pane, since that
-            // makes the new pane active.
             Path file = Files.createTempFile("jprototerm-scrollback-", ".txt");
             Files.writeString(file, compositor.activePane().scrollbackText());
             file.toFile().deleteOnExit();
 
-            TerminalPane pane = compositor.openFloatingPane();
+            compositor.activePane().send(scrollbackEditorCommand(file) + "\r");
-            if (pane != null) {
-                pane.send(scrollbackEditorCommand(file) + "\r");
-            }
         } catch (IOException ex) {
             System.err.println("Could not open scrollback in editor: " + ex.getMessage());
         }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/RenderTarget.java

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-package com.gregor.jprototerm;
-
-import dev.jlibghostty.KittyGraphics;
-import dev.jlibghostty.RenderStateSnapshot;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
-
-import java.util.Optional;
-
-/**
- * The read-only view of a pane that a {@link TerminalRenderer} draws: its on-screen rect, its
- * current render snapshot, and its kitty-graphics state. Decoupling the renderer from
- * {@link TerminalPane} through this interface lets the renderer be swapped (e.g. a debug
- * renderer that just outlines bounds and clip bands) and unit-tested against a synthetic
- * target without a real terminal.
- */
-interface RenderTarget {
-    double x();
-
-    double y();
-
-    double width();
-
-    double height();
-
-    /** Whether kitty graphics should be drawn for this target at all. */
-    boolean kittyEnabled();
-
-    Optional<KittyGraphics> kittyGraphics();
-
-    /**
-     * Incremental snapshot: only rows that changed since the last frame are populated. May be
-     * {@code null} before the first snapshot exists.
-     */
-    RenderStateSnapshot snapshot();
-
-    /** Full snapshot with every row populated, regardless of dirty state. */
-    RenderStateSnapshot snapshotFull();
-
-    /**
-     * The region this target may draw into, or {@code null} to clip to its plain rect. Set at
-     * layout time (a tiled pane gets its rect minus the floating panes that cover it), so the
-     * renderer can clip its own output and never paint over a pane on top.
-     */
-    Shape clip();
-}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/ShellSession.java

@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
         });
     }
 
-    public static ShellSession start(String shell, Map<String, String> envOverride, TerminalPane pane,
+    public static ShellSession start(String shell, Map<String, String> envOverride, TerminalPane pane, int columns, int rows) {
-            int columns, int rows, String workingDirectory) {
         try {
             Map<String, String> environment = new HashMap<>(System.getenv());
             environment.put("TERM", "xterm-kitty");
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
             LinuxPty pty = LinuxPty.spawn(
                     new String[] {shell, "-i"},
                     environment,
-                    workingDirectory != null ? workingDirectory : System.getProperty("user.home"));
+                    System.getProperty("user.home"));
             ShellSession session = new ShellSession(pty);
             session.resize(columns, rows);
             return session;
@@ -70,11 +69,6 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
         reader.submit(() -> readOutput(pane));
     }
 
-    /** Best-effort current working directory of the running shell, or {@code null} if unknown. */
-    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
-        return closed ? null : pty.currentWorkingDirectory();
-    }
-
     public void resize(int columns, int rows) {
         if (closed) {
             return;

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Tab.java

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 package com.gregor.jprototerm;
 
-import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
-
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 /**
@@ -23,7 +19,6 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     private final List<TerminalPane> floating = new ArrayList<>();
     private boolean floatingVisible;
     private TerminalPane active;
-    private final String initialWorkingDirectory;
     // The floating pane to re-focus when the group is shown again, and to prefer when promoting
     // after the last tiled pane closes.
     private TerminalPane lastFocusedFloating;
@@ -35,22 +30,13 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     private double lastTopInset;
     // Bumped whenever one of this tab's panes changes content; the compositor reads the current
     // tab's value each frame as an O(1) "anything to repaint?" check.
-    private final AtomicLong contentVersion = new AtomicLong();
+    private long contentVersion;
 
     Tab(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics) {
-        this(config, metrics, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a tab whose first pane starts in {@code initialWorkingDirectory} (e.g. the cwd of the
-     * pane that was active when this tab was opened), or the user's home when {@code null}.
-     */
-    Tab(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, String initialWorkingDirectory) {
         this.config = config;
         this.metrics = metrics;
         this.lastWidth = config.windowWidth();
         this.lastHeight = config.windowHeight();
-        this.initialWorkingDirectory = initialWorkingDirectory;
         TerminalPane first = openPane(false);
         tiled.add(first);
         active = first;
@@ -65,7 +51,7 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     }
 
     long contentVersion() {
-        return contentVersion.get();
+        return contentVersion;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -89,6 +75,13 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         return List.copyOf(ordered);
     }
 
+    List<TerminalPane> allPanes() {
+        List<TerminalPane> all = new ArrayList<>(tiled.size() + floating.size());
+        all.addAll(tiled);
+        all.addAll(floating);
+        return List.copyOf(all);
+    }
+
     boolean isActive(TerminalPane pane) {
         return pane != null && pane == active;
     }
@@ -122,51 +115,6 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
                     floatingWidth,
                     floatingHeight);
         }
-
-        assignClips();
-    }
-
-    // Give each pane its clip region for the next paints, so repainting a pane on a content
-    // frame can never bleed over one stacked on top of it. Each pane is clipped to its rect
-    // minus the union of the panes above it: floating panes are clipped by the floating panes
-    // higher in the stack, and tiled panes by the whole floating group. When nothing floats,
-    // every pane clips to its plain bounds.
-    private void assignClips() {
-        if (!floatingVisible || floating.isEmpty()) {
-            tiled.forEach(pane -> pane.setClip(null));
-            floating.forEach(pane -> pane.setClip(null));
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Floating panes bottom-to-top, matching panes(): insertion order, active pane on top.
-        List<TerminalPane> order = new ArrayList<>(floating.size());
-        for (TerminalPane pane : floating) {
-            if (pane != active) {
-                order.add(pane);
-            }
-        }
-        if (floating.contains(active)) {
-            order.add(active);
-        }
-
-        // Walk top-to-bottom, accumulating the union of the panes above each one.
-        Shape above = null;
-        for (int i = order.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            Rectangle rect = rectOf(order.get(i));
-            order.get(i).setClip(above == null ? null : Shape.subtract(rect, above));
-            above = (above == null) ? rect : Shape.union(above, rect);
-        }
-
-        // `above` is now the union of every floating pane; tiled panes sit under all of them.
-        for (TerminalPane pane : tiled) {
-            pane.setClip(Shape.subtract(rectOf(pane), above));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Match the renderer's pixel snapping (round the origin, keep width/height) so the clip
-    // lines up exactly with where the floating panes are drawn.
-    private static Rectangle rectOf(TerminalPane pane) {
-        return new Rectangle(Math.round(pane.x()), Math.round(pane.y()), pane.width(), pane.height());
     }
 
     boolean navigate(Direction direction) {
@@ -212,32 +160,6 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         }
     }
 
-    void nextFloatingPane() {
-        if (floating.isEmpty()) {
-            createFloatingPane();
-            return;
-        }
-        floatingVisible = true;
-        int current = floating.indexOf(active); // -1 when the active pane is tiled
-        setActive(floating.get((current + 1 + floating.size()) % floating.size()));
-    }
-
-    /** Promotes the active floating pane to a tiled pane, joining the tiled row. No-op otherwise. */
-    void promoteActiveFloating() {
-        TerminalPane promote = active;
-        if (!floating.remove(promote)) {
-            return; // active pane is tiled (or there is none); nothing to promote
-        }
-        if (promote == lastFocusedFloating) {
-            lastFocusedFloating = floating.isEmpty() ? null : floating.get(floating.size() - 1);
-        }
-        tiled.add(promote);
-        if (floating.isEmpty()) {
-            floatingVisible = false;
-        }
-        setActive(promote);
-    }
-
     void closeActivePane() {
         TerminalPane closing = active;
         boolean wasFloating = floating.remove(closing);
@@ -283,12 +205,11 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         }
     }
 
-    TerminalPane createFloatingPane() {
+    private void createFloatingPane() {
         TerminalPane pane = openPane(true);
         floating.add(pane);
         floatingVisible = true;
         setActive(pane);
-        return pane;
     }
 
     private boolean navigateFloatingStack(Direction direction) {
@@ -319,7 +240,7 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     }
 
     private void markContentChanged() {
-        contentVersion.incrementAndGet();
+        contentVersion++;
     }
 
     private TerminalPane openPane(boolean asFloating) {
@@ -334,11 +255,7 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
             widthPx = lastWidth / (tiled.size() + 1);
             heightPx = availHeight;
         }
-        // Open the new pane in the active pane's working directory, so a split/new pane lands
+        return TerminalPane.create(config, metrics, this::markContentChanged, widthPx, heightPx);
-        // where the user currently is. With no active pane yet (the tab's first pane), fall back to
-        // the directory this tab was opened in. null (cwd unknown) falls back to home downstream.
-        String workingDirectory = active != null ? active.currentWorkingDirectory() : initialWorkingDirectory;
-        return TerminalPane.create(config, metrics, this::markContentChanged, widthPx, heightPx, workingDirectory);
     }
 
     private static boolean directionFilter(Direction direction, TerminalPane current, TerminalPane candidate) {

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalPane.java

@@ -12,36 +12,28 @@ import dev.jlibghostty.RenderStateSnapshot;
 import dev.jlibghostty.ScrollViewport;
 import dev.jlibghostty.Terminal;
 import dev.jlibghostty.TerminalOptions;
-import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
 
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 
 /**
  * One terminal: owns its ghostty {@link Terminal}, the {@link ShellSession}/pty driving it,
- * and its on-screen geometry and grid. It does not draw itself — it is a {@link RenderTarget}
+ * and its on-screen geometry and grid. It does not draw itself; {@link TerminalPaneNode}
- * that a {@link TerminalRenderer} paints. {@link #paintFull}/{@link #paintIncremental} are the
+ * reads snapshots from it and represents the visible rows and kitty graphics as JavaFX nodes.
- * only rendering API exposed to the {@link Compositor}, and they just delegate to that
- * renderer; the compositor decides z-order and which rect each pane occupies.
  */
-public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
+public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable {
     private final Terminal terminal;
     private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
     private final boolean kittyEnabled;
     // Run on every content change so the owning tab can bump its content version — the
     // compositor's O(1) "did the current tab change?" gate.
     private final Runnable onContentChange;
-    private final TerminalRenderer renderer;
     private final MouseEncoder mouseEncoder = new MouseEncoder();
     // A persistent render state (reused across frames) is what makes ghostty's per-row dirty
     // tracking meaningful: update() accumulates dirty since the last resetDirty().
     private final RenderState renderState = new RenderState();
     private RenderStateSnapshot cachedSnapshot;
     private ShellSession session;
-    // Clip region for rendering (rect minus the panes covering this one), set at layout time;
-    // null means clip to the plain bounds. See RenderTarget#clip().
-    private Shape clip;
     private double x;
     private double y;
     private double width;
@@ -51,15 +43,14 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
     private int pixelWidth;
     private int pixelHeight;
     private final AtomicLong contentVersion = new AtomicLong();
-    private long snapshotVersion = -1;
+    private volatile long snapshotVersion = -1;
 
     private TerminalPane(Terminal terminal, TerminalMetrics metrics, boolean kittyEnabled,
-            Runnable onContentChange, TerminalRenderer renderer, int columns, int rows) {
+            Runnable onContentChange, int columns, int rows) {
         this.terminal = terminal;
         this.metrics = metrics;
         this.kittyEnabled = kittyEnabled;
         this.onContentChange = onContentChange;
-        this.renderer = renderer;
         this.columns = columns;
         this.rows = rows;
     }
@@ -69,19 +60,16 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
      * columns and rows fit, and that grid is handed to ghostty and the shell at start-up. A
      * non-positive size falls back to the configured default grid (used before the first
      * layout, when no rect is known yet). The pane owns the shell session it starts and runs
-     * {@code onContentChange} on every content change. The shell starts in {@code workingDirectory}
+     * {@code onContentChange} on every content change.
-     * (e.g. the active pane's cwd), or the user's home when {@code null}.
      */
-    public static TerminalPane create(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange,
+    public static TerminalPane create(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange, double widthPx, double heightPx) {
-            double widthPx, double heightPx, String workingDirectory) {
         int columns = widthPx > 0 ? metrics.columnsFor(widthPx) : config.columns();
         int rows = heightPx > 0 ? metrics.rowsFor(heightPx) : config.rows();
         Terminal terminal = Ghostty.open(new TerminalOptions(columns, rows, config.maxScrollback()));
         terminal.setDeviceAttributesProvider(DeviceAttributes::xtermCompatible);
-        TerminalPane pane = new TerminalPane(terminal, metrics, config.kittyGraphics(), onContentChange,
+        TerminalPane pane = new TerminalPane(terminal, metrics, config.kittyGraphics(), onContentChange, columns, rows);
-                new GhosttyTerminalRenderer(metrics), columns, rows);
         pane.refresh();
-        pane.attach(ShellSession.start(config.shell(), config.envOverride(), pane, columns, rows, workingDirectory));
+        pane.attach(ShellSession.start(config.shell(), config.envOverride(), pane, columns, rows));
         return pane;
     }
 
@@ -117,19 +105,6 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Paste text to the shell: ghostty sanitises it (stripping anything that could smuggle in
-     * control sequences) and wraps it in the bracketed-paste markers, then it goes to the pty
-     * like typed input. We always request bracketed mode — every modern shell and editor enables
-     * DECSET 2004, and the jlibghostty API does not expose querying the terminal's live mode.
-     */
-    public void paste(String text) {
-        if (text == null || text.isEmpty()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        send(Ghostty.encodePaste(text, true));
-    }
-
     public boolean sendMouse(MouseInput input, MouseEncoderSize size, boolean anyButtonPressed) {
         synchronized (terminal) {
             mouseEncoder.syncFromTerminal(terminal);
@@ -169,7 +144,6 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
      * Snapshotting is deferred here rather than done in refresh(), so a burst of writes
      * between two frames collapses into a single snapshot.
      */
-    @Override
     public RenderStateSnapshot snapshot() {
         return takeSnapshot(false);
     }
@@ -178,7 +152,6 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
      * Full snapshot with every row's cells populated. Used where the whole pane is redrawn
      * regardless of dirty state (the kitty-graphics path).
      */
-    @Override
     public RenderStateSnapshot snapshotFull() {
         return takeSnapshot(true);
     }
@@ -207,45 +180,37 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Best-effort current working directory of this pane's shell, or {@code null} if unknown. */
-    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
-        ShellSession current = session;
-        return current != null ? current.currentWorkingDirectory() : null;
-    }
-
     /** This pane's own content revision, bumped on every change (see {@link #refresh()}). */
     public long contentVersion() {
         return contentVersion.get();
     }
 
-    @Override
+    long snapshotVersion() {
+        return snapshotVersion;
+    }
+
     public boolean kittyEnabled() {
         return kittyEnabled;
     }
 
-    @Override
     public Optional<KittyGraphics> kittyGraphics() {
         synchronized (terminal) {
             return terminal.kittyGraphics();
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
     public double x() {
         return x;
     }
 
-    @Override
     public double y() {
         return y;
     }
 
-    @Override
     public double width() {
         return width;
     }
 
-    @Override
     public double height() {
         return height;
     }
@@ -257,16 +222,6 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         this.height = height;
     }
 
-    /** Set the clip region applied on the next paints (see {@link RenderTarget#clip()}). */
-    public void setClip(Shape clip) {
-        this.clip = clip;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Shape clip() {
-        return clip;
-    }
-
     /** Recompute the ghostty grid from the current bounds and the shared cell metrics. */
     public void fitToBounds() {
         int columns = metrics.columnsFor(width);
@@ -303,26 +258,6 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         onContentChange.run();
     }
 
-    /** Paint the whole pane; see {@link TerminalRenderer#paintFull}. */
-    public long paintFull(GraphicsContext gc, boolean active) {
-        renderer.paintFull(gc, this, active);
-        return snapshotVersion;
-    }
-
-    /** Repaint what changed; see {@link TerminalRenderer#paintIncremental}. */
-    public long paintIncremental(GraphicsContext gc, boolean active) {
-        renderer.paintIncremental(gc, this, active);
-        return snapshotVersion;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Kitty image placements from the most recent paint, in scene coordinates. The compositor
-     * renders these as overlay nodes clipped to this pane (see {@link KittyImageOverlay}).
-     */
-    public java.util.List<KittyImageNode> kittyImages() {
-        return renderer.kittyImages();
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void close() {
         if (session != null) {

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalPaneNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,975 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageCompression;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageFormat;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageSnapshot;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlacement;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlacementLayer;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlaceholder;
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyRenderInfo;
+import dev.jlibghostty.RenderCell;
+import dev.jlibghostty.RenderColor;
+import dev.jlibghostty.RenderCursorStyle;
+import dev.jlibghostty.RenderRow;
+import dev.jlibghostty.RenderStateSnapshot;
+import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
+import javafx.scene.Node;
+import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
+import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
+import javafx.scene.image.Image;
+import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
+import javafx.scene.image.PixelFormat;
+import javafx.scene.image.WritableImage;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Region;
+import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
+import javafx.scene.shape.Line;
+import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
+import javafx.scene.text.FontSmoothingType;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * JavaFX node for one terminal pane. The pane is composed from JavaFX primitives: one node per
+ * terminal row, kitty graphics as ImageView nodes, plus background/cursor/border nodes.
+ */
+final class TerminalPaneNode extends Region {
+    private static final int DIRTY_PARTIAL = 1;
+    private static final int DIRTY_FULL = 2;
+
+    private static final Color DEFAULT_FOREGROUND = Color.rgb(225, 229, 235);
+    private static final Color SELECTED_BACKGROUND = Color.rgb(52, 92, 140);
+    private static final Color PANE_BACKGROUND = Color.rgb(9, 10, 12);
+    private static final Map<Integer, Color> COLOR_CACHE = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private final TerminalPane pane;
+    private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
+    private final Rectangle background = new Rectangle();
+    private final Pane belowImageLayer = new Pane();
+    private final Pane rowLayer = new Pane();
+    private final Pane cursorLayer = new Pane();
+    private final Pane aboveImageLayer = new Pane();
+    private final Rectangle topPadding = new Rectangle();
+    private final Rectangle bottomPadding = new Rectangle();
+    private final Rectangle border = new Rectangle();
+    private final Map<Integer, TerminalRowNode> rows = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<Integer, Long> rowFingerprints = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<KittyImageKey, Image> kittyImageCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private long drawnContentVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+    private double drawnWidth = -1.0;
+    private double drawnHeight = -1.0;
+
+    TerminalPaneNode(TerminalPane pane, TerminalMetrics metrics) {
+        this.pane = pane;
+        this.metrics = metrics;
+        setPickOnBounds(true);
+        setClip(new Rectangle());
+        background.setFill(PANE_BACKGROUND);
+        border.setFill(Color.TRANSPARENT);
+        getChildren().setAll(background, belowImageLayer, rowLayer, cursorLayer, aboveImageLayer, border);
+        rowLayer.getChildren().setAll(topPadding, bottomPadding);
+    }
+
+    void discard() {
+        drawnContentVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        drawnWidth = -1.0;
+        drawnHeight = -1.0;
+        rows.clear();
+        rowFingerprints.clear();
+        rowLayer.getChildren().setAll(topPadding, bottomPadding);
+        belowImageLayer.getChildren().clear();
+        aboveImageLayer.getChildren().clear();
+        cursorLayer.getChildren().clear();
+    }
+
+    void renderFull(boolean active) {
+        prepareGeometry();
+        RenderStateSnapshot snapshot = pane.snapshotFull();
+        long renderedVersion = pane.snapshotVersion();
+        boolean withKitty = pane.kittyEnabled() && hasKittyGraphics();
+        updateRowsFull(snapshot);
+        updateKittyGraphics(snapshot, withKitty);
+        updateCursor(snapshot);
+        updateBorder(active);
+        markDrawn(renderedVersion);
+    }
+
+    void renderIncremental(boolean active) {
+        boolean geometryChanged = prepareGeometry();
+        boolean withKitty = pane.kittyEnabled() && hasKittyGraphics();
+        if (drawnContentVersion == Long.MIN_VALUE || geometryChanged || withKitty) {
+            renderFull(active);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (drawnContentVersion == pane.contentVersion()) {
+            updateBorder(active);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        RenderStateSnapshot snapshot = pane.snapshot();
+        long renderedVersion = pane.snapshotVersion();
+        int dirty = snapshot == null ? DIRTY_FULL : snapshot.dirty();
+        if (dirty == DIRTY_FULL) {
+            updateChangedRows(snapshot, snapshot.renderRows());
+        } else if (dirty == DIRTY_PARTIAL) {
+            updateDirtyRows(snapshot);
+        }
+        updateKittyGraphics(snapshot, false);
+        updateCursor(snapshot);
+        updateBorder(active);
+        markDrawn(renderedVersion);
+    }
+
+    private boolean prepareGeometry() {
+        double width = Math.max(0.0, pane.width());
+        double height = Math.max(0.0, pane.height());
+        boolean changed = drawnWidth != width || drawnHeight != height;
+        resize(width, height);
+        background.setWidth(width);
+        background.setHeight(height);
+        resizeLayer(belowImageLayer, width, height);
+        resizeLayer(rowLayer, width, height);
+        resizeLayer(cursorLayer, width, height);
+        resizeLayer(aboveImageLayer, width, height);
+        border.setWidth(Math.max(0.0, width - 1.0));
+        border.setHeight(Math.max(0.0, height - 1.0));
+        border.relocate(0.5, 0.5);
+        Node clip = getClip();
+        if (clip instanceof Rectangle rectangle) {
+            rectangle.setWidth(width);
+            rectangle.setHeight(height);
+        }
+        return changed;
+    }
+
+    private static void resizeLayer(Pane layer, double width, double height) {
+        layer.resizeRelocate(0.0, 0.0, width, height);
+    }
+
+    private void updateRowsFull(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+        if (snapshot == null) {
+            rows.clear();
+            rowFingerprints.clear();
+            rowLayer.getChildren().setAll(topPadding, bottomPadding);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        List<Node> ordered = new ArrayList<>(snapshot.renderRows().size() + 2);
+        ordered.add(topPadding);
+        ordered.add(bottomPadding);
+        Set<Integer> liveRows = new HashSet<>();
+        for (RenderRow row : snapshot.renderRows()) {
+            TerminalRowNode node = rowNode(row.row());
+            long fingerprint = rowFingerprint(row);
+            node.render(row);
+            rowFingerprints.put(row.row(), fingerprint);
+            liveRows.add(row.row());
+            ordered.add(node);
+        }
+        rows.keySet().retainAll(liveRows);
+        rowFingerprints.keySet().retainAll(liveRows);
+        rowLayer.getChildren().setAll(ordered);
+        updateVerticalPadding(snapshot);
+    }
+
+    private void updateDirtyRows(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+        List<RenderRow> dirtyRows = snapshot.renderRows().stream()
+                .filter(RenderRow::dirty)
+                .toList();
+        updateChangedRows(snapshot, dirtyRows);
+    }
+
+    private void updateChangedRows(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, List<RenderRow> changedRows) {
+        if (snapshot == null || changedRows.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Set<Integer> movedRows = moveShiftedRows(snapshot, changedRows);
+        for (RenderRow row : snapshot.renderRows()) {
+            if (!changedRows.contains(row) || movedRows.contains(row.row())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            TerminalRowNode node = rowNode(row.row());
+            long fingerprint = rowFingerprint(row);
+            node.renderChanged(row);
+            rowFingerprints.put(row.row(), fingerprint);
+        }
+        for (RenderRow row : changedRows) {
+            updateDirtyVerticalPadding(snapshot, row);
+        }
+        syncRowChildren();
+    }
+
+    private Set<Integer> moveShiftedRows(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, List<RenderRow> changedRows) {
+        if (rowFingerprints.isEmpty() || changedRows.size() < Math.max(4, snapshot.rows() / 3)) {
+            return Set.of();
+        }
+
+        ShiftPlan plan = detectShift(snapshot, changedRows);
+        if (plan == null) {
+            return Set.of();
+        }
+
+        Map<Integer, TerminalRowNode> oldRows = new HashMap<>(rows);
+        Map<Integer, Long> oldFingerprints = new HashMap<>(rowFingerprints);
+        for (RowMove move : plan.moves()) {
+            rows.remove(move.sourceRow());
+            rowFingerprints.remove(move.sourceRow());
+        }
+        for (RowMove move : plan.moves()) {
+            TerminalRowNode node = oldRows.get(move.sourceRow());
+            if (node == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            node.moveToRow(move.targetRow());
+            rows.put(move.targetRow(), node);
+            rowFingerprints.put(move.targetRow(), oldFingerprints.get(move.sourceRow()));
+        }
+        return plan.targetRows();
+    }
+
+    private ShiftPlan detectShift(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, List<RenderRow> changedRows) {
+        int bestDelta = 0;
+        int bestScore = 0;
+        int rowCount = snapshot.rows();
+        for (int delta = -rowCount + 1; delta < rowCount; delta++) {
+            if (delta == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            int score = 0;
+            for (RenderRow row : changedRows) {
+                int sourceRow = row.row() + delta;
+                if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= rowCount || !rows.containsKey(sourceRow)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Long previous = rowFingerprints.get(sourceRow);
+                if (previous != null && previous == rowFingerprint(row)) {
+                    score++;
+                }
+            }
+            if (score > bestScore) {
+                bestScore = score;
+                bestDelta = delta;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int threshold = Math.max(4, (changedRows.size() * 2 + 2) / 3);
+        if (bestScore < threshold) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<RowMove> moves = new ArrayList<>(bestScore);
+        Set<Integer> targetRows = new HashSet<>();
+        for (RenderRow row : changedRows) {
+            int sourceRow = row.row() + bestDelta;
+            if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= rowCount || !rows.containsKey(sourceRow)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Long previous = rowFingerprints.get(sourceRow);
+            if (previous != null && previous == rowFingerprint(row)) {
+                moves.add(new RowMove(sourceRow, row.row()));
+                targetRows.add(row.row());
+            }
+        }
+        return new ShiftPlan(moves, targetRows);
+    }
+
+    private void syncRowChildren() {
+        List<Node> ordered = new ArrayList<>(rows.size() + 2);
+        ordered.add(topPadding);
+        ordered.add(bottomPadding);
+        rows.entrySet().stream()
+                .sorted(Comparator.comparingInt(Map.Entry::getKey))
+                .map(Map.Entry::getValue)
+                .forEach(ordered::add);
+        rowLayer.getChildren().setAll(ordered);
+    }
+
+    private TerminalRowNode rowNode(int row) {
+        return rows.computeIfAbsent(row, ignored -> {
+            TerminalRowNode created = new TerminalRowNode(metrics);
+            if (!rowLayer.getChildren().contains(created)) {
+                rowLayer.getChildren().add(created);
+            }
+            return created;
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void updateVerticalPadding(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+        List<RenderRow> renderRows = snapshot.renderRows();
+        if (renderRows.isEmpty()) {
+            topPadding.setVisible(false);
+            bottomPadding.setVisible(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        double width = pane.width();
+        double top = TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
+        double contentBottom = top + snapshot.rows() * metrics.lineHeight();
+        topPadding.setVisible(true);
+        topPadding.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(renderRows.get(0), true));
+        topPadding.relocate(0.0, 0.0);
+        topPadding.setWidth(width);
+        topPadding.setHeight(top);
+
+        bottomPadding.setVisible(true);
+        bottomPadding.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(renderRows.get(renderRows.size() - 1), true));
+        bottomPadding.relocate(0.0, contentBottom);
+        bottomPadding.setWidth(width);
+        bottomPadding.setHeight(Math.max(0.0, pane.height() - contentBottom));
+    }
+
+    private void updateDirtyVerticalPadding(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, RenderRow row) {
+        if (row.row() == 0) {
+            topPadding.setVisible(true);
+            topPadding.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
+            topPadding.relocate(0.0, 0.0);
+            topPadding.setWidth(pane.width());
+            topPadding.setHeight(TerminalMetrics.PADDING);
+        }
+        if (row.row() == snapshot.rows() - 1) {
+            double contentBottom = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + snapshot.rows() * metrics.lineHeight();
+            bottomPadding.setVisible(true);
+            bottomPadding.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
+            bottomPadding.relocate(0.0, contentBottom);
+            bottomPadding.setWidth(pane.width());
+            bottomPadding.setHeight(Math.max(0.0, pane.height() - contentBottom));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateCursor(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+        cursorLayer.getChildren().clear();
+        if (snapshot == null || !snapshot.cursorVisible() || !snapshot.cursorViewportHasValue()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        double x = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (snapshot.cursorViewportX() * metrics.cellWidth());
+        double y = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (snapshot.cursorViewportY() * metrics.lineHeight());
+        double cellWidth = metrics.cellWidth();
+        double lineHeight = metrics.lineHeight();
+        RenderCursorStyle style = snapshot.cursorStyle();
+        if (style == RenderCursorStyle.BAR) {
+            Line line = new Line(x + 0.5, y + 2.0, x + 0.5, y + lineHeight - 2.0);
+            line.setStroke(DEFAULT_FOREGROUND);
+            line.setStrokeWidth(1.5);
+            cursorLayer.getChildren().add(line);
+        } else if (style == RenderCursorStyle.UNDERLINE) {
+            Line line = new Line(x + 1.0, y + lineHeight - 2.0, x + cellWidth - 1.0, y + lineHeight - 2.0);
+            line.setStroke(DEFAULT_FOREGROUND);
+            line.setStrokeWidth(1.5);
+            cursorLayer.getChildren().add(line);
+        } else if (style == RenderCursorStyle.BLOCK) {
+            Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(x + 0.5, y + 1.0, Math.max(1.0, cellWidth - 1.0), Math.max(1.0, lineHeight - 2.0));
+            rectangle.setFill(Color.rgb(225, 229, 235, 0.28));
+            cursorLayer.getChildren().add(rectangle);
+        } else {
+            Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(x + 0.5, y + 1.0, Math.max(1.0, cellWidth - 1.0), Math.max(1.0, lineHeight - 2.0));
+            rectangle.setFill(Color.TRANSPARENT);
+            rectangle.setStroke(DEFAULT_FOREGROUND);
+            rectangle.setStrokeWidth(1.5);
+            cursorLayer.getChildren().add(rectangle);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateBorder(boolean active) {
+        border.setStroke(active ? Color.rgb(87, 166, 255) : Color.rgb(52, 57, 65));
+        border.setStrokeWidth(active ? 2.0 : 1.0);
+    }
+
+    private void updateKittyGraphics(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, boolean withKitty) {
+        belowImageLayer.getChildren().clear();
+        aboveImageLayer.getChildren().clear();
+        if (!withKitty || snapshot == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds = kittyPlaceholderBounds(snapshot);
+        addKittyGraphics(belowImageLayer, KittyPlacementLayer.BELOW_TEXT, placeholderBounds);
+        addKittyGraphics(aboveImageLayer, KittyPlacementLayer.ABOVE_TEXT, placeholderBounds);
+    }
+
+    private void addKittyGraphics(Pane layer, KittyPlacementLayer placementLayer, Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds) {
+        pane.kittyGraphics().ifPresent(graphics -> {
+            for (KittyPlacement placement : graphics.placements(placementLayer)) {
+                Image image = imageFor(placement);
+                if (image == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ImageView view = placement.virtual()
+                        ? virtualKittyView(placement, image, placeholderBounds)
+                        : pinnedKittyView(placement, image);
+                if (view != null) {
+                    layer.getChildren().add(view);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private ImageView pinnedKittyView(KittyPlacement placement, Image image) {
+        KittyRenderInfo renderInfo = placement.renderInfo().orElse(null);
+        if (renderInfo == null || !renderInfo.viewportVisible()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        double sourceX = renderInfo.sourceX();
+        double sourceY = renderInfo.sourceY();
+        double sourceWidth = renderInfo.sourceWidth();
+        double sourceHeight = renderInfo.sourceHeight();
+        if (sourceWidth <= 0.0 || sourceHeight <= 0.0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        double x = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (renderInfo.viewportColumn() * metrics.cellWidth()) + placement.xOffset();
+        double y = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (renderInfo.viewportRow() * metrics.lineHeight()) + placement.yOffset();
+        double width = renderInfo.pixelWidth() > 0 ? renderInfo.pixelWidth() : renderInfo.gridColumns() * metrics.cellWidth();
+        double height = renderInfo.pixelHeight() > 0 ? renderInfo.pixelHeight() : renderInfo.gridRows() * metrics.lineHeight();
+        return imageView(image, sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, width, height);
+    }
+
+    private ImageView virtualKittyView(KittyPlacement placement, Image image, Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds) {
+        KittyPlaceholderBounds bounds = placeholderBounds.get(new KittyPlaceholderKey(placement.imageId(), placement.placementId()));
+        if (bounds == null) {
+            bounds = placeholderBounds.get(new KittyPlaceholderKey(placement.imageId(), 0));
+        }
+        if (bounds == null && placement.placementId() == 0) {
+            bounds = placeholderBounds.entrySet().stream()
+                    .filter(entry -> entry.getKey().imageId() == placement.imageId())
+                    .map(Map.Entry::getValue)
+                    .findFirst()
+                    .orElse(null);
+        }
+        if (bounds == null || bounds.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        SourceRect source = sourceRect(placement, image);
+        if (source.width() <= 0.0 || source.height() <= 0.0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        long gridColumns = gridColumns(placement, bounds);
+        long gridRows = gridRows(placement, bounds);
+        double sourceCellWidth = source.width() / Math.max(1L, gridColumns);
+        double sourceCellHeight = source.height() / Math.max(1L, gridRows);
+
+        double sourceX = source.x() + (bounds.minSourceColumn * sourceCellWidth);
+        double sourceY = source.y() + (bounds.minSourceRow * sourceCellHeight);
+        double sourceWidth = bounds.sourceColumns() * sourceCellWidth;
+        double sourceHeight = bounds.sourceRows() * sourceCellHeight;
+        double x = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (bounds.minColumn * metrics.cellWidth());
+        double y = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (bounds.minRow * metrics.lineHeight());
+        double availableWidth = bounds.columns() * metrics.cellWidth();
+        double availableHeight = bounds.rows() * metrics.lineHeight();
+        if (sourceWidth <= 0.0 || sourceHeight <= 0.0 || availableWidth <= 0.0 || availableHeight <= 0.0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        double scale = Math.min(availableWidth / sourceWidth, availableHeight / sourceHeight);
+        return imageView(image, sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, sourceWidth * scale, sourceHeight * scale);
+    }
+
+    private static ImageView imageView(Image image, double sourceX, double sourceY, double sourceWidth, double sourceHeight,
+            double x, double y, double width, double height) {
+        if (width <= 0.0 || height <= 0.0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        ImageView view = new ImageView(image);
+        view.setViewport(new Rectangle2D(sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight));
+        view.setFitWidth(width);
+        view.setFitHeight(height);
+        view.setPreserveRatio(false);
+        view.relocate(x, y);
+        return view;
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasKittyGraphics() {
+        return pane.kittyGraphics()
+                .map(graphics -> !graphics.placements().isEmpty())
+                .orElse(false);
+    }
+
+    private Image imageFor(KittyPlacement placement) {
+        return placement.image().map(snapshot -> {
+            byte[] data = snapshot.data();
+            KittyImageKey key = KittyImageKey.of(snapshot, data);
+            Image cached = kittyImageCache.get(key);
+            if (cached != null) {
+                return cached;
+            }
+
+            kittyImageCache.keySet().removeIf(existing -> existing.id() == snapshot.id());
+            Image decoded = decodeImage(snapshot, data);
+            if (decoded != null) {
+                kittyImageCache.put(key, decoded);
+            }
+            return decoded;
+        }).orElse(null);
+    }
+
+    private static Image decodeImage(KittyImageSnapshot snapshot, byte[] data) {
+        if (snapshot.compression() != KittyImageCompression.NONE) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.PNG) {
+            return new Image(new ByteArrayInputStream(data));
+        }
+
+        int width = Math.toIntExact(snapshot.width());
+        int height = Math.toIntExact(snapshot.height());
+        WritableImage image = new WritableImage(width, height);
+
+        if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.RGBA) {
+            image.getPixelWriter().setPixels(0, 0, width, height, PixelFormat.getByteBgraInstance(), rgbaToBgra(data), 0, width * 4);
+        } else if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.RGB) {
+            image.getPixelWriter().setPixels(0, 0, width, height, PixelFormat.getByteRgbInstance(), data, 0, width * 3);
+        }
+        return image;
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] rgbaToBgra(byte[] rgba) {
+        byte[] bgra = new byte[rgba.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i + 3 < rgba.length; i += 4) {
+            bgra[i] = rgba[i + 2];
+            bgra[i + 1] = rgba[i + 1];
+            bgra[i + 2] = rgba[i];
+            bgra[i + 3] = rgba[i + 3];
+        }
+        return bgra;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> kittyPlaceholderBounds(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+        Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> result = new HashMap<>();
+        for (RenderRow row : snapshot.renderRows()) {
+            for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+                cell.kittyPlaceholder().ifPresent(placeholder -> {
+                    KittyPlaceholderKey key = new KittyPlaceholderKey(placeholder.imageId(), placeholder.placementId());
+                    result.computeIfAbsent(key, ignored -> new KittyPlaceholderBounds()).include(row.row(), cell.column(), placeholder);
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static long gridColumns(KittyPlacement placement, KittyPlaceholderBounds bounds) {
+        if (placement.columns() > 0) {
+            return placement.columns();
+        }
+        return Math.max(bounds.maxSourceColumn + 1, bounds.sourceColumns());
+    }
+
+    private static long gridRows(KittyPlacement placement, KittyPlaceholderBounds bounds) {
+        if (placement.rows() > 0) {
+            return placement.rows();
+        }
+        return Math.max(bounds.maxSourceRow + 1, bounds.sourceRows());
+    }
+
+    private static SourceRect sourceRect(KittyPlacement placement, Image image) {
+        double sourceX = placement.sourceX();
+        double sourceY = placement.sourceY();
+        double sourceWidth = placement.sourceWidth() > 0 ? placement.sourceWidth() : image.getWidth() - sourceX;
+        double sourceHeight = placement.sourceHeight() > 0 ? placement.sourceHeight() : image.getHeight() - sourceY;
+        return new SourceRect(sourceX, sourceY, Math.min(sourceWidth, image.getWidth() - sourceX), Math.min(sourceHeight, image.getHeight() - sourceY));
+    }
+
+    private void markDrawn(long renderedVersion) {
+        drawnContentVersion = renderedVersion;
+        drawnWidth = pane.width();
+        drawnHeight = pane.height();
+    }
+
+    private static Color cellBackgroundColor(RenderCell cell) {
+        if (cell.inverse()) {
+            var fg = cell.foreground();
+            return fg.isPresent() ? toFxColor(fg.get()) : DEFAULT_FOREGROUND;
+        }
+        var bg = cell.background();
+        return bg.isPresent() ? toFxColor(bg.get()) : PANE_BACKGROUND;
+    }
+
+    private static Color rowEdgeBackground(RenderRow row, boolean firstCell) {
+        List<RenderCell> cells = row.cells();
+        if (cells.isEmpty()) {
+            return PANE_BACKGROUND;
+        }
+        return cellBackgroundColor(firstCell ? cells.get(0) : cells.get(cells.size() - 1));
+    }
+
+    private static Color cellBackgroundOverride(RenderCell cell) {
+        if (cell.inverse()) {
+            var fg = cell.foreground();
+            return fg.isPresent() ? toFxColor(fg.get()) : DEFAULT_FOREGROUND;
+        }
+        var bg = cell.background();
+        return bg.isPresent() ? toFxColor(bg.get()) : null;
+    }
+
+    private static Color cellForegroundColor(RenderCell cell) {
+        var fgOpt = cell.foreground();
+        var bgOpt = cell.background();
+        Color fg = fgOpt.isPresent() ? toFxColor(fgOpt.get()) : DEFAULT_FOREGROUND;
+        Color bg = bgOpt.isPresent() ? toFxColor(bgOpt.get()) : null;
+
+        if (cell.inverse()) {
+            return (bg != null) ? bg : PANE_BACKGROUND;
+        }
+        return fg;
+    }
+
+    private static Color toFxColor(RenderColor color) {
+        int key = (color.red() << 16) | (color.green() << 8) | color.blue();
+        Color cached = COLOR_CACHE.get(key);
+        if (cached != null) {
+            return cached;
+        }
+        if (COLOR_CACHE.size() >= 4096) {
+            COLOR_CACHE.clear();
+        }
+        Color created = Color.rgb(color.red(), color.green(), color.blue());
+        COLOR_CACHE.put(key, created);
+        return created;
+    }
+
+    private static long rowFingerprint(RenderRow row) {
+        long hash = 0xcbf29ce484222325L;
+        hash = mix(hash, row.cells().size());
+        for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+            hash = mix(hash, cellFingerprint(cell));
+        }
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    private static long cellFingerprint(RenderCell cell) {
+        long hash = 0xcbf29ce484222325L;
+        hash = mix(hash, cell.column());
+        hash = mix(hash, cell.inverse() ? 1 : 0);
+        hash = mix(hash, cell.selected() ? 1 : 0);
+        hash = mix(hash, colorFingerprint(cell.foreground().orElse(null)));
+        hash = mix(hash, colorFingerprint(cell.background().orElse(null)));
+        for (int codepoint : cell.codepoints()) {
+            hash = mix(hash, codepoint);
+        }
+        if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent()) {
+            KittyPlaceholder placeholder = cell.kittyPlaceholder().get();
+            hash = mix(hash, placeholder.imageId());
+            hash = mix(hash, placeholder.placementId());
+            hash = mix(hash, placeholder.sourceRow());
+            hash = mix(hash, placeholder.sourceColumn());
+        }
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    private static long colorFingerprint(RenderColor color) {
+        if (color == null) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        return ((long) color.red() << 16) | ((long) color.green() << 8) | color.blue();
+    }
+
+    private static long mix(long hash, long value) {
+        hash ^= value;
+        return hash * 0x100000001b3L;
+    }
+
+    private static final class TerminalRowNode extends Region {
+        private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
+        private final Canvas canvas = new Canvas();
+        private long[] cellFingerprints = new long[0];
+
+        private TerminalRowNode(TerminalMetrics metrics) {
+            this.metrics = metrics;
+            getChildren().add(canvas);
+        }
+
+        private void render(RenderRow row) {
+            prepareCanvas(row);
+
+            GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
+            gc.clearRect(0.0, 0.0, canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight());
+            gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD);
+            gc.setFont(metrics.font());
+
+            paintSidePadding(gc, row, canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight());
+            drawRow(gc, row, rowTop(row), metrics.cellWidth(), metrics.lineHeight());
+            cellFingerprints = cellFingerprints(row);
+        }
+
+        private void renderChanged(RenderRow row) {
+            double oldWidth = canvas.getWidth();
+            double oldHeight = canvas.getHeight();
+            prepareCanvas(row);
+            long[] nextFingerprints = cellFingerprints(row);
+            if (cellFingerprints.length != nextFingerprints.length
+                    || oldWidth != canvas.getWidth()
+                    || oldHeight != canvas.getHeight()) {
+                render(row);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
+            gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD);
+            gc.setFont(metrics.font());
+
+            int runStart = -1;
+            int runEnd = -1;
+            for (int column = 0; column < nextFingerprints.length; column++) {
+                if (cellFingerprints[column] == nextFingerprints[column]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int start = Math.max(0, column - 1);
+                int end = Math.min(nextFingerprints.length - 1, column + 1);
+                if (runStart < 0) {
+                    runStart = start;
+                    runEnd = end;
+                } else if (start <= runEnd + 1) {
+                    runEnd = Math.max(runEnd, end);
+                } else {
+                    repaintColumns(gc, row, runStart, runEnd);
+                    runStart = start;
+                    runEnd = end;
+                }
+            }
+            if (runStart >= 0) {
+                repaintColumns(gc, row, runStart, runEnd);
+            }
+            cellFingerprints = nextFingerprints;
+        }
+
+        private void prepareCanvas(RenderRow row) {
+            double paneWidth = ((Region) getParent()).getWidth();
+            double rowTop = rowTop(row);
+            double rowBottom = rowBottom(row);
+            double rowHeight = Math.max(1.0, rowBottom - rowTop);
+            resizeRelocate(0.0, rowTop, paneWidth, rowHeight);
+            canvas.setWidth(Math.max(0.0, paneWidth));
+            canvas.setHeight(rowHeight);
+        }
+
+        private void moveToRow(int row) {
+            double paneWidth = ((Region) getParent()).getWidth();
+            double rowTop = rowTop(row);
+            double rowBottom = rowBottom(row);
+            double rowHeight = Math.max(1.0, rowBottom - rowTop);
+            resizeRelocate(0.0, rowTop, paneWidth, rowHeight);
+            canvas.setWidth(Math.max(0.0, paneWidth));
+            canvas.setHeight(rowHeight);
+        }
+
+        private double rowTop(RenderRow row) {
+            return rowTop(row.row());
+        }
+
+        private double rowTop(int row) {
+            return Math.floor(TerminalMetrics.PADDING + row * metrics.lineHeight());
+        }
+
+        private double rowBottom(RenderRow row) {
+            return rowBottom(row.row());
+        }
+
+        private double rowBottom(int row) {
+            return Math.ceil(TerminalMetrics.PADDING + (row + 1) * metrics.lineHeight());
+        }
+
+        private void repaintColumns(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, int startColumn, int endColumn) {
+            if (endColumn < startColumn) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            double cellWidth = metrics.cellWidth();
+            double lineHeight = metrics.lineHeight();
+            double rowTop = rowTop(row);
+            double contentTop = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + row.row() * lineHeight;
+            double localCellTop = contentTop - rowTop;
+            double baseline = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + metrics.baselineOffset() + row.row() * lineHeight - rowTop;
+            double x = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + startColumn * cellWidth;
+            double width = (endColumn - startColumn + 1) * cellWidth;
+
+            gc.clearRect(x, 0.0, width, canvas.getHeight());
+            if (startColumn == 0) {
+                gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
+                gc.fillRect(0.0, 0.0, TerminalMetrics.PADDING, canvas.getHeight());
+            }
+            if (endColumn >= row.cells().size() - 1) {
+                double contentRight = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + row.cells().size() * cellWidth;
+                gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, false));
+                gc.fillRect(contentRight, 0.0, canvas.getWidth() - contentRight, canvas.getHeight());
+            }
+
+            drawRowBackgrounds(gc, row, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, startColumn, endColumn);
+            drawRowText(gc, row, baseline, cellWidth, startColumn, endColumn);
+        }
+
+        private void paintSidePadding(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, double paneWidth, double bandHeight) {
+            int columns = row.cells().size();
+            if (columns == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            double contentLeft = TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
+            double contentRight = contentLeft + columns * metrics.cellWidth();
+            gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
+            gc.fillRect(0.0, 0.0, contentLeft, bandHeight);
+            gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, false));
+            gc.fillRect(contentRight, 0.0, paneWidth - contentRight, bandHeight);
+        }
+
+        private void drawRow(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, double rowTop, double cellWidth, double lineHeight) {
+            double contentTop = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + row.row() * lineHeight;
+            double localCellTop = contentTop - rowTop;
+            double baseline = TerminalMetrics.PADDING + metrics.baselineOffset() + row.row() * lineHeight - rowTop;
+            drawRowBackgrounds(gc, row, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, 0, row.cells().size() - 1);
+            drawRowText(gc, row, baseline, cellWidth, 0, row.cells().size() - 1);
+        }
+
+        private void drawRowBackgrounds(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, double localCellTop,
+                double cellWidth, double lineHeight, int startColumn, int endColumn) {
+            Color runBackground = null;
+            int runStartColumn = 0;
+            int previousColumn = -1;
+            for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+                if (cell.column() < startColumn || cell.column() > endColumn) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent()) {
+                    flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, runStartColumn, previousColumn);
+                    runBackground = null;
+                    previousColumn = -1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Color background = cell.selected() ? SELECTED_BACKGROUND : cellBackgroundOverride(cell);
+                if (background == null) {
+                    flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, runStartColumn, previousColumn);
+                    runBackground = null;
+                    previousColumn = -1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (runBackground == null || background != runBackground || cell.column() != previousColumn + 1) {
+                    flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, runStartColumn, previousColumn);
+                    runBackground = background;
+                    runStartColumn = cell.column();
+                }
+                previousColumn = cell.column();
+            }
+            flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, localCellTop, cellWidth, lineHeight, runStartColumn, previousColumn);
+        }
+
+        private void flushBackgroundRun(GraphicsContext gc, Color background, double localCellTop,
+                double cellWidth, double lineHeight, int startColumn, int endColumn) {
+            if (background == null || endColumn < startColumn) {
+                return;
+            }
+            gc.setFill(background);
+            gc.fillRect(
+                    TerminalMetrics.PADDING + startColumn * cellWidth,
+                    localCellTop,
+                    (endColumn - startColumn + 1) * cellWidth,
+                    lineHeight);
+        }
+
+        private void drawRowText(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, double baseline,
+                double cellWidth, int startColumn, int endColumn) {
+            for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+                if (cell.column() < startColumn || cell.column() > endColumn) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent() || cell.codepoints().length == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                gc.setFill(cellForegroundColor(cell));
+                gc.fillText(cell.text(), TerminalMetrics.PADDING + cell.column() * cellWidth, baseline);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static long[] cellFingerprints(RenderRow row) {
+            int columns = row.cells().size();
+            for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+                columns = Math.max(columns, cell.column() + 1);
+            }
+
+            long[] fingerprints = new long[columns];
+            for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
+                fingerprints[cell.column()] = cellFingerprint(cell);
+            }
+            return fingerprints;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record KittyImageKey(long id, long number, long width, long height, KittyImageFormat format, int dataLength) {
+        private static KittyImageKey of(KittyImageSnapshot snapshot, byte[] data) {
+            return new KittyImageKey(
+                    snapshot.id(),
+                    snapshot.number(),
+                    snapshot.width(),
+                    snapshot.height(),
+                    snapshot.format(),
+                    data.length
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record KittyPlaceholderKey(long imageId, long placementId) {
+    }
+
+    private record SourceRect(double x, double y, double width, double height) {
+    }
+
+    private record RowMove(int sourceRow, int targetRow) {
+    }
+
+    private record ShiftPlan(List<RowMove> moves, Set<Integer> targetRows) {
+    }
+
+    private static final class KittyPlaceholderBounds {
+        private int minRow = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        private int maxRow = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        private int minColumn = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        private int maxColumn = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        private long minSourceRow = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        private long maxSourceRow = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        private long minSourceColumn = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        private long maxSourceColumn = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+
+        private void include(int row, int column, KittyPlaceholder placeholder) {
+            minRow = Math.min(minRow, row);
+            maxRow = Math.max(maxRow, row);
+            minColumn = Math.min(minColumn, column);
+            maxColumn = Math.max(maxColumn, column);
+            minSourceRow = Math.min(minSourceRow, placeholder.sourceRow());
+            maxSourceRow = Math.max(maxSourceRow, placeholder.sourceRow());
+            minSourceColumn = Math.min(minSourceColumn, placeholder.sourceColumn());
+            maxSourceColumn = Math.max(maxSourceColumn, placeholder.sourceColumn());
+        }
+
+        private boolean isEmpty() {
+            return minRow == Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        private int rows() {
+            return maxRow - minRow + 1;
+        }
+
+        private int columns() {
+            return maxColumn - minColumn + 1;
+        }
+
+        private long sourceRows() {
+            return maxSourceRow - minSourceRow + 1;
+        }
+
+        private long sourceColumns() {
+            return maxSourceColumn - minSourceColumn + 1;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalRenderer.java

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-package com.gregor.jprototerm;
-
-import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
-import javafx.scene.shape.ClosePath;
-import javafx.scene.shape.LineTo;
-import javafx.scene.shape.MoveTo;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Path;
-import javafx.scene.shape.PathElement;
-import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
-
-/**
- * Draws a {@link RenderTarget} onto a JavaFX canvas. The {@link Compositor} owns positioning
- * and z-order; a renderer only fills the target's rect, clipped to the target's {@link
- * RenderTarget#clip() clip region} so a repaint can never bleed over a pane on top.
- * Implementations can change the look entirely — {@link GhosttyTerminalRenderer} is the real
- * terminal renderer; a debug renderer could outline pane bounds instead.
- *
- * <p>A renderer may hold per-target state (e.g. a decoded-image cache), so an instance belongs
- * to a single {@link TerminalPane}.
- */
-abstract class TerminalRenderer {
-    /** Paint the whole target into its rect, clipped to its clip region. */
-    abstract void paintFull(GraphicsContext gc, RenderTarget target, boolean active);
-
-    /** Repaint only what changed since the last frame, clipped to the target's clip region. */
-    abstract void paintIncremental(GraphicsContext gc, RenderTarget target, boolean active);
-
-    /**
-     * The kitty image placements produced by the most recent paint, for the compositor to render
-     * as overlay nodes above the canvas. Empty unless the last paint found visible images.
-     */
-    java.util.List<KittyImageNode> kittyImages() {
-        return java.util.List.of();
-    }
-
-    protected static void clipRect(GraphicsContext gc, double x, double y, double width, double height) {
-        gc.beginPath();
-        gc.rect(x, y, width, height);
-        gc.clip();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Clip to {@code region} if given (the pane's rect minus the panes covering it, computed by
-     * {@code Shape.subtract} at layout), otherwise to the plain rect. The region is a rectilinear
-     * path, so it replays onto the canvas as move/line/close segments.
-     */
-    protected static void clip(GraphicsContext gc, double x, double y, double width, double height, Shape region) {
-        if (region == null) {
-            clipRect(gc, x, y, width, height);
-            return;
-        }
-        var elements = ((Path) region).getElements();
-        gc.beginPath();
-        if (elements.isEmpty()) {
-            gc.rect(x, y, 0.0, 0.0); // fully covered: clip to nothing
-        }
-        for (PathElement element : elements) {
-            if (element instanceof MoveTo moveTo) {
-                gc.moveTo(moveTo.getX(), moveTo.getY());
-            } else if (element instanceof LineTo lineTo) {
-                gc.lineTo(lineTo.getX(), lineTo.getY());
-            } else if (element instanceof ClosePath) {
-                gc.closePath();
-            }
-        }
-        gc.clip();
-    }
-}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/X11Pointer.java

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-package com.gregor.jprototerm;
-
-import java.lang.foreign.Arena;
-import java.lang.foreign.FunctionDescriptor;
-import java.lang.foreign.Linker;
-import java.lang.foreign.MemorySegment;
-import java.lang.foreign.SymbolLookup;
-import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
-
-import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.ADDRESS;
-import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.JAVA_INT;
-import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.JAVA_LONG;
-
-/**
- * Reads the X11 pointer location directly via libX11 ({@code XQueryPointer}). Unlike AWT's
- * {@code MouseInfo}, this never calls {@code XSetErrorHandler}, so it doesn't trip GDK's
- * "XSetErrorHandler called with a GDK error trap pushed" warning when JavaFX's GTK backend is
- * already up. Returns {@code null} when not on X11 or libX11 can't be loaded.
- */
-final class X11Pointer {
-    private X11Pointer() {
-    }
-
-    /** {@code {x, y}} of the pointer in X root-window (virtual screen) space, or {@code null}. */
-    static int[] query() {
-        try (Arena arena = Arena.ofConfined()) {
-            Linker linker = Linker.nativeLinker();
-            SymbolLookup x11 = SymbolLookup.libraryLookup("libX11.so.6", arena);
-            MethodHandle openDisplay = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XOpenDisplay").orElseThrow(),
-                    FunctionDescriptor.of(ADDRESS, ADDRESS));
-            MethodHandle defaultRootWindow = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XDefaultRootWindow").orElseThrow(),
-                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_LONG, ADDRESS));
-            MethodHandle queryPointer = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XQueryPointer").orElseThrow(),
-                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_INT, ADDRESS, JAVA_LONG,
-                            ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS));
-            MethodHandle closeDisplay = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XCloseDisplay").orElseThrow(),
-                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_INT, ADDRESS));
-
-            MemorySegment display = (MemorySegment) openDisplay.invoke(MemorySegment.NULL);
-            if (display.address() == 0) {
-                return null;
-            }
-            try {
-                long root = (long) defaultRootWindow.invoke(display);
-                MemorySegment rootReturn = arena.allocate(JAVA_LONG);
-                MemorySegment childReturn = arena.allocate(JAVA_LONG);
-                MemorySegment rootX = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
-                MemorySegment rootY = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
-                MemorySegment winX = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
-                MemorySegment winY = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
-                MemorySegment mask = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
-                int onSameScreen = (int) queryPointer.invoke(display, root,
-                        rootReturn, childReturn, rootX, rootY, winX, winY, mask);
-                if (onSameScreen == 0) {
-                    return null;
-                }
-                return new int[] { rootX.get(JAVA_INT, 0), rootY.get(JAVA_INT, 0) };
-            } finally {
-                closeDisplay.invoke(display);
-            }
-        } catch (Throwable ignored) {
-            // Not X11, libX11 missing, or the call failed — caller falls back to the primary screen.
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-}