trigger gc on a timer to free vram by garbage collecting prism refs

.classpath

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<classpath>
-	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/java">
-		<attributes>
-			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
-			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
-		</attributes>
-	</classpathentry>
-	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src/main/resources">
-		<attributes>
-			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
-			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
-		</attributes>
-	</classpathentry>
-	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER/org.eclipse.jdt.internal.debug.ui.launcher.StandardVMType/JavaSE-21/"/>
-	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleclasspathcontainer"/>
-	<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin/default"/>
-</classpath>

.codexsession

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-019e6999-b7c8-7591-a8aa-ea51b89a7f7e

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

.gitignore

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ devenv.local.yaml
 # pre-commit
 .pre-commit-config.yaml
 build
-build
 .gradle
 bin
+.settings
+.project
+.worktrees
+.classpath
+.codexsession

.ignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.gradle
+bin
+result
+.worktrees

.project

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<projectDescription>
-	<name>jprototerm</name>
-	<comment>Project jprototerm created by Buildship.</comment>
-	<projects>
-	</projects>
-	<buildSpec>
-		<buildCommand>
-			<name>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder</name>
-			<arguments>
-			</arguments>
-		</buildCommand>
-		<buildCommand>
-			<name>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectbuilder</name>
-			<arguments>
-			</arguments>
-		</buildCommand>
-	</buildSpec>
-	<natures>
-		<nature>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature</nature>
-		<nature>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectnature</nature>
-	</natures>
-	<filteredResources>
-		<filter>
-			<id>1779917652126</id>
-			<name></name>
-			<type>30</type>
-			<matcher>
-				<id>org.eclipse.core.resources.regexFilterMatcher</id>
-				<arguments>node_modules|\.git|__CREATED_BY_JAVA_LANGUAGE_SERVER__</arguments>
-			</matcher>
-		</filter>
-	</filteredResources>
-</projectDescription>

.settings/org.eclipse.buildship.core.prefs

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-arguments=--init-script /home/anon/Src/eclipse.jdt.ls/org.eclipse.jdt.ls.product/target/repository/configuration/org.eclipse.osgi/58/0/.cp/gradle/init/init.gradle
-auto.sync=false
-build.scans.enabled=false
-connection.gradle.distribution=GRADLE_DISTRIBUTION(LOCAL_INSTALLATION(/home/anon/.sdkman/candidates/gradle/current))
-connection.project.dir=
-eclipse.preferences.version=1
-gradle.user.home=
-java.home=/home/anon/.local/lib/graalvm-jdk-21.0.9+7.1
-jvm.arguments=
-offline.mode=false
-override.workspace.settings=true
-show.console.view=true
-show.executions.view=true

README.md

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ floating panes and tabs.
 > setups, or Mesa/AMD/Intel GPUs. I'm happy to accept pull requests that broaden host
 > support.
 
+<video src="https://gitea.gregorlohaus.com/gregor/jprototerm/media/branch/main/demo.mp4" controls></video>
+
 ## Build
 
 ```sh
@@ -60,6 +62,54 @@ gradle run
 
 The Gradle project is the source of truth for the JavaFX build.
 
+## Daemon (optional, faster launches)
+
+Cold start pays for JVM + JavaFX + GL/X11 init every time. The optional daemon keeps one JVM
+(one toolkit) running and hosts every window in it, so a `jprototerm` launch just asks the
+daemon to open a window — it appears without paying that startup cost again.
+
+Run it once in the background:
+
+```sh
+jprototerm --daemon &
+```
+
+After that, a bare `jprototerm` connects to the daemon and opens a window in the current
+directory. If no daemon is running, `jprototerm` falls back to a standalone in-process window
+(today's behavior), so it always works.
+
+To start the daemon automatically with your graphical session, enable the bundled **user**
+service (it's a user service, not a system one, because X11 needs a display — which only
+exists after you log in):
+
+```sh
+mkdir -p ~/.config/systemd/user
+ln -sf "$(dirname "$(readlink -f "$(command -v jprototerm)")")/../share/systemd/user/jprototerm.service" \
+  ~/.config/systemd/user/jprototerm.service
+systemctl --user enable --now jprototerm.service
+```
+After upgrading via nix profile upgrade: 
+```sh
+systemctl --user disable jprototerm
+ln -sf "$(dirname "$(readlink -f "$(command -v jprototerm)")")/../share/systemd/user/jprototerm.service" \
+  ~/.config/systemd/user/jprototerm.service
+systemctl --user enable --now jprototerm.service
+systemctl --user restart jprototerm.service
+```
+
+If the daemon can't reach your display (e.g. `systemctl --user status jprototerm` shows it
+failing to open a window), import the session variables once and restart it:
+
+```sh
+systemctl --user import-environment DISPLAY XAUTHORITY
+systemctl --user restart jprototerm.service
+```
+
+Closing a window (the WM close button, or the close-pane key on the last pane) tears that
+window down — its shell processes are signalled with the configured `close_signal` — without
+affecting other windows or the daemon. Stop the daemon (and all its windows) with
+`systemctl --user stop jprototerm.service`, or `pkill -f 'jprototerm --daemon'`.
+
 ## Config
 
 Configuration is read from:

config.example.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ columns = 100
 rows = 30
 max_scrollback = 100000
 shell = "/bin/bash"
+# Signal sent to a pane's shell process when the pane is closed (e.g. ALT+X).
+# Use SIGKILL to force-kill instead of asking the shell to terminate.
+close_signal = "SIGTERM"
 font_family = "JetBrainsMono Nerd Font"
 font_size = 15
 
@@ -30,3 +33,4 @@ next_floating = "ALT+F12"
 close_pane = "ALT+X"
 open_font_selector = "ALT+T"
 open_scrollback = "ALT+S"
+paste = "CTRL+SHIFT+V"

devenv.lock

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "nodes": {
-    "devenv": {
-      "locked": {
-        "dir": "src/modules",
-        "lastModified": 1779749056,
-        "narHash": "sha256-AtocdrunzuxTvSDn+82RntEhrs6TicM6Z4/zNQS9KKg=",
-        "owner": "cachix",
-        "repo": "devenv",
-        "rev": "099ac65fcef79e88127bdc06adbd1ea94255274a",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "dir": "src/modules",
-        "owner": "cachix",
-        "repo": "devenv",
-        "type": "github"
-      }
-    },
-    "nixpkgs": {
-      "inputs": {
-        "nixpkgs-src": "nixpkgs-src"
-      },
-      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1778507786,
-        "narHash": "sha256-HzSQCKMsMr8r55LwM1JuzIOB+8bzk0FEv6sItKvsfoY=",
-        "owner": "cachix",
-        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "8f24a228a782e24576b155d1e39f0d914b380691",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "owner": "cachix",
-        "ref": "rolling",
-        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
-        "type": "github"
-      }
-    },
-    "nixpkgs-src": {
-      "flake": false,
-      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1778274207,
-        "narHash": "sha256-I4puXmX1iovcCHZlRmztO3vW0mAbbRvq4F8wgIMQ1MM=",
-        "owner": "NixOS",
-        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "b3da656039dc7a6240f27b2ef8cc6a3ef3bccae7",
-        "type": "github"
-      },
-      "original": {
-        "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
-        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "type": "github"
-      }
-    },
-    "root": {
-      "inputs": {
-        "devenv": "devenv",
-        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "root": "root",
-  "version": 7
-}

devenv.nix

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-{ pkgs, lib, config, inputs, ... }:
-
-let
-  system = pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.system;
-
-  jlibghostty = builtins.getFlake
-    "git+https://gitea.gregorlohaus.com/gregor/jlibghostty.git";
-
-  jlib = jlibghostty.packages.${system}.jlibghostty;
-  hostNvidiaLibs = ".devenv/host-nvidia-libs";
-in
-{
-  packages = [
-    pkgs.git
-    pkgs.gradle_9
-    pkgs.jdk25
-    pkgs.jdt-language-server
-    pkgs.openjfx
-
-    pkgs.glib
-    pkgs.xorg.libXxf86vm
-    pkgs.xorg.libXrender
-    pkgs.xorg.libXtst
-    pkgs.xorg.libXi
-    pkgs.xorg.libXrandr
-
-    pkgs.libGL
-    pkgs.gtk3
-    pkgs.alsa-lib
-    pkgs.mesa-demos
-  ];
-
-  env.LD_LIBRARY_PATH = "${hostNvidiaLibs}:" + lib.makeLibraryPath [
-    pkgs.openjfx
-
-    pkgs.glib
-    pkgs.xorg.libXxf86vm
-    pkgs.xorg.libXrender
-    pkgs.xorg.libXtst
-    pkgs.xorg.libXi
-    pkgs.xorg.libXrandr
-
-    pkgs.libGL
-    pkgs.gtk3
-    pkgs.alsa-lib
-  ] + ":/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current";
-  env.__GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME = "nvidia";
-  env.__EGL_VENDOR_LIBRARY_FILENAMES = "/usr/share/glvnd/egl_vendor.d/10_nvidia.json";
-  env.JLIBGHOSTTY_MAVEN_REPO = "${jlib}/maven";
-
-  enterShell = ''
-    mkdir -p ${hostNvidiaLibs}
-    for lib in \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia*.so* \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGLX_nvidia.so* \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libEGL_nvidia.so* \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libnvidia*.so* \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libGLX_nvidia.so* \
-      /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libEGL_nvidia.so*
-    do
-      if [ -e "$lib" ]; then
-        ln -sfn "$lib" ${hostNvidiaLibs}/"$(basename "$lib")"
-      fi
-    done
-  '';
-}

devenv.yaml

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# yaml-language-server: $schema=https://devenv.sh/devenv.schema.json
-inputs:
-  nixpkgs:
-    url: github:cachix/devenv-nixpkgs/rolling
-
-# If you're using non-OSS software, you can set allowUnfree to true.
-# allowUnfree: true
-
-# If you're not willing to allow unsupported packages:
-# allowUnsupportedSystem: false
-
-# If you're willing to use a package that's vulnerable
-# permittedInsecurePackages:
-#  - "openssl-1.1.1w"
-
-# If you have more than one devenv you can merge them
-#imports:
-# - ./backend

flake.lock

@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@
         "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1780258814,
+        "lastModified": 1780363584,
-        "narHash": "sha256-8rxL7xaZ/loYg3zdt0w5+hfNyHFVknDZN360NzrtCsQ=",
+        "narHash": "sha256-BN6kwSBnlavuySut6vvLsfwkfKBjrPvFgJeeMMTXNtg=",
         "ref": "refs/heads/main",
-        "rev": "6a3d5aa0b0b1f738c958e2a2f0249574c07d9c4d",
+        "rev": "1cd908e5d0070fdc1c86fc6b300cf1d6dbb5d184",
-        "revCount": 23,
+        "revCount": 25,
         "type": "git",
         "url": "https://gitea.gregorlohaus.com/gregor/jlibghostty.git"
       },

flake.nix

@@ -107,8 +107,35 @@
                 classpath="$classpath''${classpath:+:}$jar"
               done
 
+              # The CDS archive records launch-time module/classpath properties, including
+              # Nix store paths. Key it by this build's launch shape so stale archives from a
+              # previous package path cannot be reused, and pass the flags on java's command
+              # line so terminal child processes do not inherit them through JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS.
+              cdsArchive="app-$(printf '%s\n' \
+                "${pkgs.jdk25}" \
+                "$out" \
+                "$classpath" \
+                "$out/share/jprototerm/javafx" \
+                "--enable-native-access=ALL-UNNAMED,javafx.graphics" \
+                "--add-modules=javafx.controls,javafx.fxml" \
+                "com.gregor.jprototerm.Main" \
+                | sha256sum | cut -c1-16).jsa"
+
+              # Prism frees GPU textures (and the X11 pixmaps behind them) only from phantom-ref
+              # Disposers that run during a GC. This daemon is one long-lived JVM whose ~140MB heap
+              # never nears the multi-GB default ceiling, so G1 almost never collects, the Disposers
+              # never run, and orphaned render resources (closed panes/windows, resized backbuffers)
+              # pile up until the X server's VRAM is exhausted and the whole session freezes. -Xmx
+              # makes output churn drive GC; G1PeriodicGCInterval runs a concurrent (low-pause) GC on
+              # an idle timer so an idle daemon still reclaims. The live heap is tiny, so GC is cheap.
               makeWrapper "${pkgs.jdk25}/bin/java" "$out/bin/jprototerm" \
+                --run 'if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then if [ -n "''${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-}" ]; then jprototermSock="$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/jprototerm/daemon.sock"; else jprototermSock="/tmp/jprototerm-''${USER:-user}/daemon.sock"; fi; if [ -S "$jprototermSock" ] && printf "%s\n" "$(pwd)" | ${pkgs.socat}/bin/socat - UNIX-CONNECT:"$jprototermSock" >/dev/null 2>&1; then exit 0; fi; fi' \
                 --run 'export JPROTOTERM_HOST_LD_LIBRARY_PATH="''${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:-}"' \
+                --run 'cdsDir="''${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-$HOME/.cache}/jprototerm"; mkdir -p "$cdsDir"' \
+                --add-flags "-XX:+AutoCreateSharedArchive" \
+                --add-flags "-XX:SharedArchiveFile=\$cdsDir/$cdsArchive" \
+                --add-flags "-Xmx512m" \
+                --add-flags "-XX:G1PeriodicGCInterval=5000" \
                 --add-flags "--enable-native-access=ALL-UNNAMED,javafx.graphics" \
                 --add-flags "--module-path $out/share/jprototerm/javafx" \
                 --add-flags "--add-modules javafx.controls,javafx.fxml" \
@@ -119,6 +146,25 @@
                 --set JLIBGHOSTTY_LIBRARY "${ghosttyVt}/lib/libghostty-vt.so" \
                 --set GDK_BACKEND x11
 
+              # Optional background daemon: one JVM hosts every window, so client launches skip
+              # cold JVM/JavaFX/GL startup. A *user* service tied to graphical-session.target (X11
+              # needs a display, which only exists after login). Enable instructions are in README.
+              mkdir -p "$out/share/systemd/user"
+              cat > "$out/share/systemd/user/jprototerm.service" <<EOF
+              [Unit]
+              Description=jprototerm terminal daemon
+              PartOf=graphical-session.target
+              After=graphical-session.target
+
+              [Service]
+              Type=simple
+              ExecStart=$out/bin/jprototerm --daemon
+              Restart=on-failure
+
+              [Install]
+              WantedBy=graphical-session.target
+              EOF
+
               runHook postInstall
             '';
           });

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/AppConfig.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.document.TomlDocument;
 import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.except.TomlException;
 import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.key.TomlKey;
 import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.value.TomlValue;
+import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.value.array.TomlArray;
 import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.value.primitive.TomlPrimitive;
 import io.github.wasabithumb.jtoml.value.table.TomlTable;
 
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -20,13 +22,14 @@ public record AppConfig(
         int columns,
         int rows,
         long maxScrollback,
-        String shell,
+        List<String> shell,
         String fontFamily,
         double fontSize,
         double windowWidth,
         double windowHeight,
         boolean kittyGraphics,
         String scrollbackEditorCommand,
+        String closeSignal,
         Map<String, String> envOverride,
         Map<String, KeyBinding> keybindings
 ) {
@@ -38,12 +41,14 @@ public record AppConfig(
             "toggle_floating",
             "new_pane",
             "next_floating",
+            "promote_floating",
             "close_pane",
             "new_tab",
             "previous_tab",
             "next_tab",
             "open_font_selector",
-            "open_scrollback"
+            "open_scrollback",
+            "paste"
     );
 
     public static AppConfig load() {
@@ -60,13 +65,14 @@ public record AppConfig(
                     intValue(document, "terminal.columns", defaults.columns),
                     intValue(document, "terminal.rows", defaults.rows),
                     longValue(document, "terminal.max_scrollback", defaults.maxScrollback),
-                    stringValue(document, "terminal.shell", defaults.shell),
+                    stringListValue(document, "terminal.shell", defaults.shell),
                     stringValue(document, "terminal.font_family", defaults.fontFamily),
                     doubleValue(document, "terminal.font_size", defaults.fontSize),
                     doubleValue(document, "window.width", defaults.windowWidth),
                     doubleValue(document, "window.height", defaults.windowHeight),
                     booleanValue(document, "kitty_graphics.enabled", defaults.kittyGraphics),
                     stringValue(document, "scrollback.editor_command", defaults.scrollbackEditorCommand),
+                    closeSignalValue(document, defaults.closeSignal),
                     envOverride(document, defaults.envOverride),
                     keybindings(document, defaults)
             );
@@ -88,6 +94,7 @@ public record AppConfig(
                 760.0,
                 true,
                 defaultScrollbackEditorCommand(),
+                "SIGTERM",
                 Map.of(),
                 Map.ofEntries(
                         Map.entry("navigate_left", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+H")),
@@ -97,12 +104,14 @@ public record AppConfig(
                         Map.entry("toggle_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+F")),
                         Map.entry("new_pane", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+N")),
                         Map.entry("next_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+F12")),
+                        Map.entry("promote_floating", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+P")),
                         Map.entry("close_pane", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+X")),
                         Map.entry("new_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+A")),
                         Map.entry("previous_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+SHIFT+H")),
                         Map.entry("next_tab", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+SHIFT+L")),
                         Map.entry("open_font_selector", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+T")),
-                        Map.entry("open_scrollback", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+S"))
+                        Map.entry("open_scrollback", KeyBinding.parse("ALT+S")),
+                        Map.entry("paste", KeyBinding.parse("CTRL+SHIFT+V"))
                 )
         );
     }
@@ -119,11 +128,22 @@ public record AppConfig(
                 windowHeight,
                 kittyGraphics,
                 scrollbackEditorCommand,
+                closeSignal,
                 envOverride,
                 keybindings
         );
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The {@link #closeSignal} as a Linux signal number, sent to a pane's shell process when the
+     * pane is closed (e.g. via the close-pane key). Falls back to SIGTERM (15) if the configured
+     * name is somehow unresolvable.
+     */
+    public int closeSignalNumber() {
+        int number = LinuxPty.signalNumber(closeSignal);
+        return number < 0 ? 15 : number;
+    }
+
     public void save() {
         save(configPath(), this);
     }
@@ -136,8 +156,10 @@ public record AppConfig(
         return Path.of(System.getProperty("user.home"), ".config", "jprototerm", "config.toml");
     }
 
-    private static String defaultShell() {
+    private static List<String> defaultShell() {
-        return "/bin/bash";
+        // The executable plus its arguments, spawned verbatim. -i makes bash interactive; a
+        // different shell can use whatever flags it needs (or none) by editing this list.
+        return List.of("/bin/bash", "-i");
     }
 
     private static String defaultScrollbackEditorCommand() {
@@ -148,6 +170,23 @@ public record AppConfig(
         return editor.trim() + " {file}";
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Reads {@code terminal.close_signal}, normalising it to a canonical {@code SIG*} name. An
+     * unknown or unset value keeps {@code fallback} so a typo can't leave a pane unkillable.
+     */
+    private static String closeSignalValue(TomlTable table, String fallback) {
+        String value = stringValue(table, "terminal.close_signal", null);
+        if (value == null) {
+            return fallback;
+        }
+        if (LinuxPty.signalNumber(value) < 0) {
+            System.err.println("Unknown terminal.close_signal '" + value + "', using " + fallback);
+            return fallback;
+        }
+        String normalized = value.trim().toUpperCase(java.util.Locale.ROOT);
+        return normalized.startsWith("SIG") ? normalized : "SIG" + normalized;
+    }
+
     private static Map<String, KeyBinding> keybindings(TomlTable table, AppConfig defaults) {
         Map<String, KeyBinding> parsed = new LinkedHashMap<>();
         for (String key : KEYBINDING_KEYS) {
@@ -184,7 +223,8 @@ public record AppConfig(
         builder.append("columns = ").append(columns).append('\n');
         builder.append("rows = ").append(rows).append('\n');
         builder.append("max_scrollback = ").append(maxScrollback).append('\n');
-        builder.append("shell = ").append(quoted(shell)).append('\n');
+        builder.append("shell = ").append(quotedList(shell)).append('\n');
+        builder.append("close_signal = ").append(quoted(closeSignal)).append('\n');
         builder.append("font_family = ").append(quoted(fontFamily)).append('\n');
         builder.append("font_size = ").append(trimDouble(fontSize)).append("\n\n");
         builder.append("[window]\n");
@@ -209,6 +249,17 @@ public record AppConfig(
         return builder.toString();
     }
 
+    private static String quotedList(List<String> values) {
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("[");
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                builder.append(", ");
+            }
+            builder.append(quoted(values.get(i)));
+        }
+        return builder.append("]").toString();
+    }
+
     private static String quoted(String value) {
         return "\"" + value
                 .replace("\\", "\\\\")
@@ -268,6 +319,26 @@ public record AppConfig(
         return primitive == null ? fallback : primitive.asString();
     }
 
+    /** Reads a TOML array of strings (e.g. {@code shell = ["/bin/bash", "-i"]}), or the fallback. */
+    private static List<String> stringListValue(TomlTable table, String key, List<String> fallback) {
+        TomlValue value = table.get(key);
+        if (value == null || !value.isArray()) {
+            return fallback;
+        }
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (TomlValue element : value.asArray()) {
+            if (element.isPrimitive()) {
+                try {
+                    result.add(element.asPrimitive().asString());
+                } catch (RuntimeException ignored) {
+                    // Skip non-string entries; a shell command line is a list of strings.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // An empty or all-invalid array would mean "no program to run"; keep the default instead.
+        return result.isEmpty() ? fallback : List.copyOf(result);
+    }
+
     private static int intValue(TomlTable table, String key, int fallback) {
         TomlPrimitive primitive = primitive(table, key);
         if (primitive == null) {

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Compositor.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import dev.jlibghostty.MouseButton;
 import dev.jlibghostty.MouseEncoderSize;
 import dev.jlibghostty.MouseInput;
 import javafx.geometry.VPos;
+import javafx.scene.Node;
 import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
 import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
 import javafx.scene.input.InputEvent;
@@ -18,9 +19,11 @@ import javafx.scene.text.TextAlignment;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * Owns the window's tabs and drives rendering and input. It composites only the current tab:
@@ -38,6 +41,8 @@ public final class Compositor {
     private static final double TAB_BAR_HEIGHT = 22.0;
 
     private final Canvas canvas = new Canvas();
+    // Kitty images are drawn as retained nodes layered over the canvas, not composited onto it.
+    private final KittyImageOverlay imageOverlay = new KittyImageOverlay();
     private final AppConfig config;
     private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
     private final List<Tab> tabs = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -49,6 +54,16 @@ public final class Compositor {
     // Last content version drawn to the canvas per pane, so a content frame repaints only
     // the panes that actually changed.
     private final Map<TerminalPane, Long> paneContentVersion = new HashMap<>();
+    // Off-screen panes (background tabs, hidden floating groups) keep their full-resolution pixel
+    // backbuffer + GPU image until released. We free them after a short grace period rather than the
+    // instant they're hidden, so rapidly flipping through tabs never thrashes the realloc/upload.
+    private static final long RELEASE_DELAY_NANOS = 750_000_000L;
+    // Hidden pane -> nanoTime it became hidden (the release timer); removed once released or shown.
+    private final Map<TerminalPane, Long> hiddenSince = new HashMap<>();
+    // Panes whose backbuffer is currently released, so we don't release again every frame.
+    private final Set<TerminalPane> released = new HashSet<>();
+    // layoutVersion at the last sweep: lets an idle, all-released steady state skip the scan.
+    private long lastSweepLayoutVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     // Cheap per-frame dirty signal: skip the whole render when none of these changed.
     private double lastWidth = -1.0;
     private double lastHeight = -1.0;
@@ -58,11 +73,22 @@ public final class Compositor {
     private long lastContentVersion = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     private boolean mouseButtonPressed;
     private MouseButton pressedButton = MouseButton.UNKNOWN;
+    // Run when the last pane closes (so the window can quit). No-op until Main sets it.
+    private Runnable onEmpty = () -> {};
 
     public Compositor(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics) {
+        this(config, metrics, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a compositor whose first tab's first pane starts in {@code workingDirectory} (e.g. the
+     * cwd a client passed when asking the daemon to open this window), or the user's home when
+     * {@code null}.
+     */
+    public Compositor(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, String workingDirectory) {
         this.config = config;
         this.metrics = metrics;
-        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics));
+        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics, workingDirectory, this::closePane));
         canvas.setFocusTraversable(true);
         canvas.setOnMousePressed(this::handleMousePressed);
         canvas.setOnMouseReleased(this::handleMouseReleased);
@@ -75,6 +101,16 @@ public final class Compositor {
         return canvas;
     }
 
+    /** Sets the callback run when the last pane closes (e.g. to quit the application). */
+    public void setOnEmpty(Runnable onEmpty) {
+        this.onEmpty = onEmpty;
+    }
+
+    /** The kitty-image overlay, to be stacked directly above {@link #canvas()} in the window. */
+    public Node imageOverlay() {
+        return imageOverlay.node();
+    }
+
     public void setFont(String family, double size) {
         metrics.setFont(family, size);
         paneContentVersion.clear();
@@ -113,6 +149,29 @@ public final class Compositor {
         layoutVersion++;
     }
 
+    /** Opens a new floating pane, makes it active, and returns it (null when no tab exists). */
+    public TerminalPane openFloatingPane() {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        TerminalPane pane = currentTab().createFloatingPane();
+        layoutVersion++;
+        return pane;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a floating pane running {@code command} directly (auto-closing when it exits), makes it
+     * active, and returns it (null when no tab exists).
+     */
+    public TerminalPane openFloatingPane(String command) {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        TerminalPane pane = currentTab().createFloatingPane(command);
+        layoutVersion++;
+        return pane;
+    }
+
     public void nextFloatingPane() {
         if (isEmpty()) {
             return;
@@ -121,24 +180,58 @@ public final class Compositor {
         layoutVersion++;
     }
 
+    public void toggleActiveFloating() {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        currentTab().toggleActiveFloating();
+        layoutVersion++;
+    }
+
     public void closeActivePane() {
         if (isEmpty()) {
             return;
         }
-        currentTab().closeActivePane();
+        TerminalPane active = currentTab().activePane();
-        if (currentTab().isEmpty()) {
+        if (active != null) {
-            // Closing a tab's last pane closes the tab. When no tabs remain the surface is
+            closePane(active);
-            // empty and Main quits.
+        }
-            tabs.remove(currentTabIndex);
+    }
-            if (currentTabIndex >= tabs.size()) {
+
+    /**
+     * Closes a specific pane, wherever it lives. Driven both by the key-bound close (via
+     * {@link #closeActivePane()}) and by a pane whose process exited on its own. Drops the owning
+     * tab if it becomes empty, and fires {@link #setOnEmpty} when the last pane is gone. Must run on
+     * the FX thread.
+     */
+    public void closePane(TerminalPane pane) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < tabs.size(); i++) {
+            Tab tab = tabs.get(i);
+            if (tab.closePane(pane)) {
+                if (tab.isEmpty()) {
+                    // Closing a tab's last pane closes the tab. Keep currentTabIndex pointing at the
+                    // same tab (or clamp it when the current/last tab went away).
+                    tabs.remove(i);
+                    if (i < currentTabIndex) {
+                        currentTabIndex--;
+                    } else if (currentTabIndex >= tabs.size()) {
                         currentTabIndex = Math.max(0, tabs.size() - 1);
                     }
                 }
                 layoutVersion++;
+                if (isEmpty()) {
+                    onEmpty.run();
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     public void newTab() {
-        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics));
+        // Open the new tab in the currently active pane's working directory, so it lands where the
+        // user currently is rather than always in home.
+        String workingDirectory = isEmpty() ? null : currentTab().activePane().currentWorkingDirectory();
+        tabs.add(new Tab(config, metrics, workingDirectory, this::closePane));
         currentTabIndex = tabs.size() - 1;
         layoutVersion++;
     }
@@ -164,6 +257,18 @@ public final class Compositor {
         tabs.clear();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Signals and reaps every pane's shell process across all tabs, without tearing down render
+     * state. Intended for a JVM shutdown hook (SIGTERM/SIGINT/SIGHUP), so child shells get the
+     * configured close signal instead of being orphaned when jprototerm itself is killed. Safe to
+     * call off the FX thread and idempotent; see {@link TerminalPane#terminateSession()}.
+     */
+    public void terminateSessions() {
+        for (Tab tab : List.copyOf(tabs)) {
+            tab.terminateSessions();
+        }
+    }
+
     private Tab currentTab() {
         return tabs.get(currentTabIndex);
     }
@@ -185,6 +290,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
     // ---- Rendering ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     public void render() {
+        sweepHiddenPanes();
         switch (nextFrameType()) {
             case IDLE -> { }
             case LAYOUT -> renderLayoutFrame();
@@ -192,6 +298,48 @@ public final class Compositor {
         }
     }
 
+    // Free the backbuffer of any pane that has been off-screen past the grace period, and re-arm the
+    // timer for newly hidden panes. The next layout frame rebuilds a released pane (paintFull goes
+    // through ensure()), so showing a tab again is the only cost. Skips entirely once everything that
+    // can be hidden is already released and the layout hasn't changed, so an idle multi-tab window
+    // does no per-frame work here.
+    private void sweepHiddenPanes() {
+        if (layoutVersion == lastSweepLayoutVersion && hiddenSince.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        lastSweepLayoutVersion = layoutVersion;
+
+        // Fast path: a single tab compositing all of its panes has nothing off-screen.
+        if (tabs.size() <= 1 && (tabs.isEmpty() || !currentTab().hasHiddenPanes())) {
+            hiddenSince.clear();
+            released.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Set<TerminalPane> visible = new HashSet<>(currentPanes());
+        Set<TerminalPane> live = new HashSet<>();
+        long now = System.nanoTime();
+        for (Tab tab : tabs) {
+            for (TerminalPane pane : tab.allPanes()) {
+                live.add(pane);
+                if (visible.contains(pane)) {
+                    hiddenSince.remove(pane);
+                    released.remove(pane);
+                } else if (!released.contains(pane)) {
+                    Long since = hiddenSince.putIfAbsent(pane, now);
+                    if (since != null && now - since >= RELEASE_DELAY_NANOS) {
+                        pane.releaseRenderResources();
+                        released.add(pane);
+                        hiddenSince.remove(pane);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Forget panes that have since closed.
+        hiddenSince.keySet().retainAll(live);
+        released.retainAll(live);
+    }
+
     // Classify this frame and commit the change trackers. A layout change (size, font,
     // tab/pane set, z-order, active pane) needs a full recomposite; otherwise a change to the
     // current tab's content version repaints only the panes that changed; otherwise nothing
@@ -246,6 +394,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
         for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
             paneContentVersion.put(pane, pane.paintFull(gc, isActive(pane)));
         }
+        imageOverlay.sync(panes);
     }
 
     // Repaint just the panes whose content changed, directly on the retained canvas. Each pane
@@ -262,6 +411,7 @@ public final class Compositor {
                 continue;
             }
             paneContentVersion.put(pane, pane.paintIncremental(gc, isActive(pane)));
+            imageOverlay.updatePane(pane);
         }
     }
 

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Daemon.java

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.StandardProtocolFamily;
+import java.net.UnixDomainSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermissions;
+
+/**
+ * Single-instance server and its thin client, over a per-user Unix domain socket. The server hosts
+ * every window in one JVM (see {@link WindowManager}); a client invocation just asks it to open a
+ * window in the client's working directory and exits, so the window appears without paying cold
+ * JVM/JavaFX/GL startup.
+ *
+ * <p>Protocol is deliberately trivial: the client writes one UTF-8 line — the absolute working
+ * directory — and the server replies {@code OK\n}. The socket lives under {@code XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}
+ * (mode 0700), so only the owning user can connect.
+ */
+public final class Daemon {
+    private Daemon() {
+    }
+
+    /** Runs the server: brings up the toolkit, binds the socket, and serves window-open requests. */
+    public static void run() {
+        Path socket = socketPath();
+        try {
+            Files.createDirectories(socket.getParent());
+            trySecureDir(socket.getParent());
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            System.err.println("jprototerm: cannot create socket dir " + socket.getParent() + ": " + ex.getMessage());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        WindowManager manager = WindowManager.start(WindowManager.Mode.DAEMON);
+
+        try (ServerSocketChannel server = bind(socket)) {
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    handle(server.accept(), manager);
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    System.err.println("jprototerm: connection error: " + ex.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            System.err.println("jprototerm: daemon socket error: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Client side: connect to a running daemon and ask it to open a window in {@code workingDirectory}.
+     * Returns {@code true} if the daemon handled it, {@code false} if none is reachable (the caller
+     * then falls back to a standalone in-process window).
+     */
+    public static boolean tryClient(String workingDirectory) {
+        Path socket = socketPath();
+        if (!Files.exists(socket)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try (SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open(UnixDomainSocketAddress.of(socket))) {
+            channel.write(ByteBuffer.wrap((workingDirectory + "\n").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+            // Best-effort wait for the ack so we don't race ahead of the window opening.
+            channel.read(ByteBuffer.allocate(16));
+            return true;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            return false; // no daemon, or a stale socket file — fall back to standalone
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ServerSocketChannel bind(Path socket) throws IOException {
+        UnixDomainSocketAddress address = UnixDomainSocketAddress.of(socket);
+        ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open(StandardProtocolFamily.UNIX);
+        try {
+            channel.bind(address);
+            return channel;
+        } catch (IOException firstTry) {
+            // The path is taken. If a live daemon answers, this invocation lost the race; otherwise
+            // it's a stale socket from a crashed daemon, so remove it and rebind.
+            if (tryClient0(socket)) {
+                channel.close();
+                System.err.println("jprototerm: a daemon is already running");
+                System.exit(0);
+            }
+            Files.deleteIfExists(socket);
+            channel.bind(address);
+            return channel;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** A bare connect probe used by {@link #bind} to tell a live daemon from a stale socket file. */
+    private static boolean tryClient0(Path socket) {
+        try (SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open(UnixDomainSocketAddress.of(socket))) {
+            return true;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handle(SocketChannel connection, WindowManager manager) throws IOException {
+        try (connection) {
+            String workingDirectory = readLine(connection);
+            manager.openWindow(workingDirectory == null || workingDirectory.isBlank()
+                    ? null
+                    : workingDirectory.trim());
+            connection.write(ByteBuffer.wrap("OK\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String readLine(SocketChannel channel) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(4096);
+        while (channel.read(buffer) != -1) {
+            buffer.flip();
+            while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+                byte b = buffer.get();
+                if (b == '\n') {
+                    return out.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                }
+                out.write(b);
+            }
+            buffer.clear();
+        }
+        return out.size() == 0 ? null : out.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    }
+
+    private static Path socketPath() {
+        String runtimeDir = System.getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+        Path dir = runtimeDir != null && !runtimeDir.isBlank()
+                ? Path.of(runtimeDir, "jprototerm")
+                : Path.of("/tmp", "jprototerm-" + System.getProperty("user.name", "user"));
+        return dir.resolve("daemon.sock");
+    }
+
+    private static void trySecureDir(Path dir) {
+        try {
+            Files.setPosixFilePermissions(dir, PosixFilePermissions.fromString("rwx------"));
+        } catch (IOException | UnsupportedOperationException ignored) {
+            // Best effort: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is already user-private; the /tmp fallback we try to lock.
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/GhosttyTerminalRenderer.java

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package com.gregor.jprototerm;
 
+import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImage;
 import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageCompression;
 import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageFormat;
-import dev.jlibghostty.KittyImageSnapshot;
 import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlacement;
 import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlacementLayer;
 import dev.jlibghostty.KittyPlaceholder;
@@ -13,29 +13,27 @@ import dev.jlibghostty.RenderCursorStyle;
 import dev.jlibghostty.RenderRow;
 import dev.jlibghostty.RenderStateSnapshot;
 import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
-import javafx.scene.SnapshotParameters;
-import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
 import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
 import javafx.scene.image.Image;
 import javafx.scene.image.PixelFormat;
 import javafx.scene.image.PixelBuffer;
-import javafx.scene.image.PixelReader;
 import javafx.scene.image.WritableImage;
 import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
-import javafx.scene.text.FontSmoothingType;
-import javafx.scene.text.Text;
 
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
- * The real terminal renderer: paints a pane's background, cell rows, cursor, border, padding
+ * The real terminal renderer: rasterizes a pane's background, cell rows, cursor, border and
- * and (when enabled) kitty graphics. One instance per pane, since it caches that pane's
+ * padding into the {@link SoftwareBackbuffer} and blits it to the canvas. Kitty images are not
- * decoded kitty images.
+ * drawn here — each paint collects their placements (see {@link #kittyImages()}) for the
+ * compositor to render as overlay nodes above the canvas. One instance per pane, since it caches
+ * that pane's decoded kitty images.
  */
 final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
     // GhosttyRenderStateDirty values (stable C ABI; see ghostty/vt/render.h).
@@ -60,6 +58,9 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
     // Decoded kitty images for this renderer's pane (kitty graphics state is per-terminal).
     private final Map<KittyImageKey, Image> kittyImageCache = new HashMap<>();
     private final SoftwareBackbuffer software = new SoftwareBackbuffer();
+    // Image placements produced by the last paint; the compositor reads these and renders them
+    // as overlay nodes rather than compositing them onto the canvas. Empty for non-kitty panes.
+    private List<KittyImageNode> kittyImageNodes = List.of();
 
     GhosttyTerminalRenderer(TerminalMetrics metrics) {
         this.metrics = metrics;
@@ -73,15 +74,10 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         double height = target.height();
         gc.save();
         clip(gc, px, py, width, height, target.clip());
-        boolean withKitty = target.kittyEnabled() && hasKittyGraphics(target);
         RenderStateSnapshot snapshot = target.snapshotFull();
-        if (withKitty) {
-            drawContent(gc, target, snapshot, px, py, width, height, active, true);
-            software.invalidate();
-        } else {
         software.paintFull(gc, snapshot, px, py, width, height, active);
-        }
         gc.restore();
+        collectKittyImages(target, snapshot, px, py);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -93,171 +89,44 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         gc.save();
         clip(gc, px, py, width, height, target.clip());
         if (target.kittyEnabled() && hasKittyGraphics(target)) {
-            // Kitty placements can move without a per-row dirty flag, so always redraw whole.
+            // Images render as overlay nodes, not on the canvas, but their positions track the
-            drawContent(gc, target, target.snapshotFull(), px, py, width, height, active, true);
+            // grid (scroll/cursor), so we need a full snapshot to locate placeholder cells. The
-            software.invalidate();
+            // software path itself still repaints only the text rows whose hash changed.
-        } else {
+            RenderStateSnapshot snapshot = target.snapshotFull();
+            software.paintFullOrShifted(gc, snapshot, px, py, width, height, active);
+            gc.restore();
+            collectKittyImages(target, snapshot, px, py);
+            return;
+        }
         RenderStateSnapshot snapshot = target.snapshot();
         int dirty = snapshot == null ? DIRTY_FULL : snapshot.dirty();
         if (dirty == DIRTY_FULL) {
             software.paintFullOrShifted(gc, target.snapshotFull(), px, py, width, height, active);
         } else if (dirty == DIRTY_PARTIAL) {
             software.paintDirty(gc, target, snapshot, px, py, width, height, active);
+        } else if (software.cursorChanged(snapshot)) {
+            // dirty == FALSE means no cell content changed, but the cursor can still have moved,
+            // changed style, or toggled visibility on its own (e.g. plain cursor-left/right, or the
+            // hide/redraw/show dance fish does around a line edit). No row was marshalled, and we
+            // must not force a full snapshot here — that would re-marshal every cell on every
+            // cursor move. Instead restore the pixels saved beneath the old cursor (erasing it)
+            // and redraw the cursor at its new spot, touching only those two cell rects.
+            software.paintCursorOnly(gc, snapshot, px, py, width, height);
         }
-            // dirty == FALSE: nothing visible changed.
+        // dirty == FALSE with an unchanged cursor: nothing visible changed.
-        }
         gc.restore();
+        kittyImageNodes = List.of();
     }
 
-    // Full content render: background, border, all rows, cursor, and (when enabled) kitty
+    @Override
-    // graphics. Used by the kitty direct path and by full redraws.
+    List<KittyImageNode> kittyImages() {
-    private void drawContent(
+        return kittyImageNodes;
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            RenderTarget target,
-            RenderStateSnapshot snapshot,
-            double x,
-            double y,
-            double width,
-            double height,
-            boolean active,
-            boolean withKitty
-    ) {
-        double cellWidth = metrics.cellWidth();
-        double lineHeight = metrics.lineHeight();
-        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD);
-        gc.setFill(PANE_BACKGROUND);
-        gc.fillRect(x, y, width, height);
-        gc.setFont(metrics.font());
-
-        double left = x + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
-        double top = y + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
-        double baseline = top + metrics.baselineOffset();
-
-        Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds = withKitty
-                ? kittyPlaceholderBounds(snapshot)
-                : Map.of();
-
-        if (withKitty) {
-            drawKittyGraphics(gc, target, KittyPlacementLayer.BELOW_TEXT, placeholderBounds, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight);
     }
 
-        if (snapshot != null) {
+    @Override
-            double contentBottom = top + snapshot.rows() * lineHeight;
+    void release() {
-            fillVerticalPadding(gc, snapshot, x, y, width, height, top, contentBottom);
+        software.release();
-            for (RenderRow row : snapshot.renderRows()) {
+        kittyImageNodes = List.of();
-                double y0 = Math.floor(top + (row.row() * lineHeight));
-                double y1 = Math.ceil(top + ((row.row() + 1) * lineHeight));
-                paintSidePadding(gc, row, x, width, left, cellWidth, y0, y1 - y0);
-                drawRow(gc, row, left, top, baseline, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-            }
-            drawCursor(gc, snapshot, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-        }
-
-        if (withKitty) {
-            drawKittyGraphics(gc, target, KittyPlacementLayer.ABOVE_TEXT, placeholderBounds, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-        }
-
-        drawBorder(gc, x, y, width, height, active);
-    }
-
-    // Incremental render: repaint only the rows ghostty flagged dirty, then restore the
-    // cursor and border. The local band tracks the repainted span only so the border redraw
-    // can be limited to it.
-    private void drawDirtyRows(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            RenderStateSnapshot snapshot,
-            double px,
-            double py,
-            double pw,
-            double ph,
-            boolean active
-    ) {
-        double cellWidth = metrics.cellWidth();
-        double lineHeight = metrics.lineHeight();
-        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.LCD);
-        gc.setFont(metrics.font());
-        double left = px + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
-        double top = py + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
-        double baseline = top + metrics.baselineOffset();
-
-        double contentBottom = top + snapshot.rows() * lineHeight;
-        int lastRow = snapshot.rows() - 1;
-        List<RenderRow> rows = snapshot.renderRows();
-        boolean allRowsDirty = allRowsDirty(snapshot, rows);
-        if (allRowsDirty) {
-            gc.setFill(PANE_BACKGROUND);
-            gc.fillRect(px, py, pw, ph);
-        }
-
-        boolean cursorRowDirty = false;
-        double bandMin = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
-        double bandMax = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
-        for (RenderRow row : rows) {
-            if (!row.dirty()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            // Snap the row band to integer pixels and paint opaque: a fractional-height fill
-            // would leave sub-pixel seams between rows.
-            double y0 = Math.floor(top + (row.row() * lineHeight));
-            double y1 = Math.ceil(top + ((row.row() + 1) * lineHeight));
-            if (!allRowsDirty) {
-                gc.setFill(PANE_BACKGROUND);
-                gc.fillRect(px, y0, pw, y1 - y0);
-            }
-            paintSidePadding(gc, row, px, pw, left, cellWidth, y0, y1 - y0);
-            drawRow(gc, row, left, top, baseline, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-            bandMin = Math.min(bandMin, y0);
-            bandMax = Math.max(bandMax, y1);
-            // Edge rows also own the top/bottom padding strip; repaint it and extend the
-            // band so panes stacked above get restored over it too.
-            if (row.row() == 0) {
-                gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
-                gc.fillRect(px, py, pw, top - py);
-                bandMin = Math.min(bandMin, py);
-            }
-            if (row.row() == lastRow) {
-                gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
-                gc.fillRect(px, contentBottom, pw, py + ph - contentBottom);
-                bandMax = Math.max(bandMax, py + ph);
-            }
-            if (snapshot.cursorViewportHasValue() && row.row() == snapshot.cursorViewportY()) {
-                cursorRowDirty = true;
-            }
-        }
-        if (bandMin > bandMax) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // The cursor overlays its cell; redraw it only when its row was repainted, so we
-        // neither leave a stale cursor nor stack the translucent overlay on itself.
-        if (cursorRowDirty) {
-            drawCursor(gc, snapshot, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-        }
-        // Repainting rows clears the side borders within the band; restore just those
-        // segments, clipped to the band so we don't redraw the whole outline.
-        gc.save();
-        clipRect(gc, px, bandMin, pw, bandMax - bandMin);
-        drawBorder(gc, px, py, pw, ph, active);
-        gc.restore();
-    }
-
-    private static boolean allRowsDirty(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, List<RenderRow> rows) {
-        if (rows.size() != snapshot.rows()) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        for (int i = 0; i < rows.size(); i++) {
-            RenderRow row = rows.get(i);
-            if (!row.dirty() || row.row() != i) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    private void drawBorder(GraphicsContext gc, double x, double y, double width, double height, boolean active) {
-        gc.setStroke(active ? ACTIVE_BORDER : INACTIVE_BORDER);
-        gc.setLineWidth(active ? 2.0 : 1.0);
-        gc.strokeRect(x + 0.5, y + 0.5, width - 1.0, height - 1.0);
     }
 
     // Effective background colour of a cell as it is drawn (reverse video swaps fg/bg, an
@@ -279,124 +148,6 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         return cellBackgroundColor(firstCell ? cells.get(0) : cells.get(cells.size() - 1));
     }
 
-    // Extend the row's edge-cell backgrounds into the left/right padding (the margin and the
-    // right-edge rounding sliver), so the unused space matches the rendered content.
-    private void paintSidePadding(GraphicsContext gc, RenderRow row, double paneX, double paneWidth,
-            double contentLeft, double cellWidth, double yTop, double bandHeight) {
-        int columns = row.cells().size();
-        if (columns == 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        double contentRight = contentLeft + (columns * cellWidth);
-        gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, true));
-        gc.fillRect(paneX, yTop, contentLeft - paneX, bandHeight);
-        gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(row, false));
-        gc.fillRect(contentRight, yTop, paneX + paneWidth - contentRight, bandHeight);
-    }
-
-    // Fill the top/bottom padding strips with the top/bottom row's edge colour.
-    private void fillVerticalPadding(GraphicsContext gc, RenderStateSnapshot snapshot,
-            double paneX, double paneY, double paneWidth, double paneHeight, double contentTop, double contentBottom) {
-        List<RenderRow> rows = snapshot.renderRows();
-        if (rows.isEmpty()) {
-            return;
-        }
-        gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(rows.get(0), true));
-        gc.fillRect(paneX, paneY, paneWidth, contentTop - paneY);
-        gc.setFill(rowEdgeBackground(rows.get(rows.size() - 1), true));
-        gc.fillRect(paneX, contentBottom, paneWidth, paneY + paneHeight - contentBottom);
-    }
-
-    private void drawRow(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            RenderRow row,
-            double left,
-            double top,
-            double baseline,
-            double cellWidth,
-            double lineHeight
-    ) {
-        drawRowBackgrounds(gc, row, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-        drawRowText(gc, row, left, baseline, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-    }
-
-    private static void drawRowBackgrounds(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            RenderRow row,
-            double left,
-            double top,
-            double cellWidth,
-            double lineHeight
-    ) {
-        Color runBackground = null;
-        int runStartColumn = 0;
-        int previousColumn = -1;
-        for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
-            if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent()) {
-                flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight, row.row(), runStartColumn, previousColumn);
-                runBackground = null;
-                previousColumn = -1;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            Color bg = cell.selected() ? SELECTED_BACKGROUND : cellBackgroundOverride(cell);
-            if (bg == null) {
-                flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight, row.row(), runStartColumn, previousColumn);
-                runBackground = null;
-                previousColumn = -1;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (runBackground == null || bg != runBackground || cell.column() != previousColumn + 1) {
-                flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight, row.row(), runStartColumn, previousColumn);
-                runBackground = bg;
-                runStartColumn = cell.column();
-            }
-            previousColumn = cell.column();
-        }
-        flushBackgroundRun(gc, runBackground, left, top, cellWidth, lineHeight, row.row(), runStartColumn, previousColumn);
-    }
-
-    private static void flushBackgroundRun(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            Color background,
-            double left,
-            double top,
-            double cellWidth,
-            double lineHeight,
-            int row,
-            int startColumn,
-            int endColumn
-    ) {
-        if (background == null || endColumn < startColumn) {
-            return;
-        }
-        gc.setFill(background);
-        gc.fillRect(
-                left + (startColumn * cellWidth),
-                top + (row * lineHeight),
-                (endColumn - startColumn + 1) * cellWidth,
-                lineHeight);
-    }
-
-    private void drawRowText(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
-            RenderRow row,
-            double left,
-            double baseline,
-            double cellWidth,
-            double lineHeight
-    ) {
-        for (RenderCell cell : row.cells()) {
-            if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent() || cell.codepoints().length == 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            gc.setFill(cellForegroundColor(cell));
-            gc.fillText(cell.text(), left + (cell.column() * cellWidth), baseline + (row.row() * lineHeight));
-        }
-    }
-
     // Background override for a cell: null means the pane default background already covers it.
     private static Color cellBackgroundOverride(RenderCell cell) {
         if (cell.inverse()) {
@@ -434,46 +185,42 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         return created;
     }
 
-    private static void drawCursor(GraphicsContext gc, RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, double left, double top, double cellWidth, double lineHeight) {
-        if (!snapshot.cursorVisible() || !snapshot.cursorViewportHasValue()) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        double x = left + (snapshot.cursorViewportX() * cellWidth);
-        double y = top + (snapshot.cursorViewportY() * lineHeight);
-        gc.setStroke(DEFAULT_FOREGROUND);
-        gc.setFill(CURSOR_FILL);
-        gc.setLineWidth(1.5);
-
-        RenderCursorStyle style = snapshot.cursorStyle();
-        if (style == RenderCursorStyle.BAR) {
-            gc.strokeLine(x + 0.5, y + 2.0, x + 0.5, y + lineHeight - 2.0);
-        } else if (style == RenderCursorStyle.UNDERLINE) {
-            gc.strokeLine(x + 1.0, y + lineHeight - 2.0, x + cellWidth - 1.0, y + lineHeight - 2.0);
-        } else if (style == RenderCursorStyle.BLOCK) {
-            gc.fillRect(x + 0.5, y + 1.0, Math.max(1.0, cellWidth - 1.0), Math.max(1.0, lineHeight - 2.0));
-        } else {
-            gc.strokeRect(x + 0.5, y + 1.0, Math.max(1.0, cellWidth - 1.0), Math.max(1.0, lineHeight - 2.0));
-        }
-    }
-
     // ---- Kitty graphics --------------------------------------------------------------
 
     private static boolean hasKittyGraphics(RenderTarget target) {
         return target.kittyGraphics()
-                .map(graphics -> !graphics.placements().isEmpty())
+                .map(graphics -> !graphics.isEmpty())
                 .orElse(false);
     }
 
-    private void drawKittyGraphics(
+    // Build the image-node descriptors for the current frame. Reads the decoded-image cache and
-            GraphicsContext gc,
+    // each placement's geometry, but draws nothing — the compositor turns these into overlay
+    // nodes clipped to the pane.
+    private void collectKittyImages(RenderTarget target, RenderStateSnapshot snapshot, double px, double py) {
+        if (!target.kittyEnabled() || !hasKittyGraphics(target)) {
+            kittyImageNodes = List.of();
+            return;
+        }
+        double cellWidth = metrics.cellWidth();
+        double lineHeight = metrics.lineHeight();
+        double originX = px + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
+        double originY = py + TerminalMetrics.PADDING;
+        Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds = kittyPlaceholderBounds(snapshot);
+        List<KittyImageNode> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
+        collectLayer(target, KittyPlacementLayer.BELOW_TEXT, placeholderBounds, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight, nodes);
+        collectLayer(target, KittyPlacementLayer.ABOVE_TEXT, placeholderBounds, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight, nodes);
+        kittyImageNodes = nodes;
+    }
+
+    private void collectLayer(
             RenderTarget target,
             KittyPlacementLayer layer,
             Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds,
             double originX,
             double originY,
             double cellWidth,
-            double lineHeight
+            double lineHeight,
+            List<KittyImageNode> out
     ) {
         target.kittyGraphics().ifPresent(graphics -> {
             for (KittyPlacement placement : graphics.placements(layer)) {
@@ -482,17 +229,17 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (placement.virtual()) {
+                KittyImageNode node = placement.virtual()
-                    drawVirtualKittyPlacement(gc, placement, image, placeholderBounds, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight);
+                        ? virtualNode(placement, image, placeholderBounds, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight)
-                } else {
+                        : pinnedNode(placement, image, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight);
-                    drawPinnedKittyPlacement(gc, placement, image, originX, originY, cellWidth, lineHeight);
+                if (node != null) {
+                    out.add(node);
                 }
             }
         });
     }
 
-    private static void drawPinnedKittyPlacement(
+    private static KittyImageNode pinnedNode(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
             KittyPlacement placement,
             Image image,
             double originX,
@@ -502,15 +249,13 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
     ) {
         KittyRenderInfo renderInfo = placement.renderInfo().orElse(null);
         if (renderInfo == null || !renderInfo.viewportVisible()) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
-        double sourceX = renderInfo.sourceX();
-        double sourceY = renderInfo.sourceY();
         double sourceWidth = renderInfo.sourceWidth();
         double sourceHeight = renderInfo.sourceHeight();
         if (sourceWidth <= 0.0 || sourceHeight <= 0.0) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         double x = originX + (renderInfo.viewportColumn() * cellWidth) + placement.xOffset();
@@ -518,14 +263,14 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         double width = renderInfo.pixelWidth() > 0 ? renderInfo.pixelWidth() : renderInfo.gridColumns() * cellWidth;
         double height = renderInfo.pixelHeight() > 0 ? renderInfo.pixelHeight() : renderInfo.gridRows() * lineHeight;
         if (width <= 0.0 || height <= 0.0) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
-        gc.drawImage(image, sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, width, height);
+        return new KittyImageNode(placement.imageId(), placement.placementId(), image,
+                renderInfo.sourceX(), renderInfo.sourceY(), sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, width, height);
     }
 
-    private static void drawVirtualKittyPlacement(
+    private static KittyImageNode virtualNode(
-            GraphicsContext gc,
             KittyPlacement placement,
             Image image,
             Map<KittyPlaceholderKey, KittyPlaceholderBounds> placeholderBounds,
@@ -546,12 +291,12 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
                     .orElse(null);
         }
         if (bounds == null || bounds.isEmpty()) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         SourceRect source = sourceRect(placement, image);
         if (source.width() <= 0.0 || source.height() <= 0.0) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         long gridColumns = gridColumns(placement, bounds);
@@ -569,13 +314,14 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         double availableHeight = bounds.rows() * lineHeight;
 
         if (sourceWidth <= 0.0 || sourceHeight <= 0.0 || availableWidth <= 0.0 || availableHeight <= 0.0) {
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         double scale = Math.min(availableWidth / sourceWidth, availableHeight / sourceHeight);
         double width = sourceWidth * scale;
         double height = sourceHeight * scale;
-        gc.drawImage(image, sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, width, height);
+        return new KittyImageNode(placement.imageId(), placement.placementId(), image,
+                sourceX, sourceY, sourceWidth, sourceHeight, x, y, width, height);
     }
 
     private static long gridColumns(KittyPlacement placement, KittyPlaceholderBounds bounds) {
@@ -601,16 +347,17 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
     }
 
     private Image imageFor(KittyPlacement placement) {
-        return placement.image().map(snapshot -> {
+        return placement.image().map(image -> {
-            byte[] data = snapshot.data();
+            // Build the cache key from cheap metadata only — the pixel buffer is never copied out
-            KittyImageKey key = KittyImageKey.of(snapshot, data);
+            // of native memory on a cache hit (the common per-frame case).
+            KittyImageKey key = KittyImageKey.of(image);
             Image cached = kittyImageCache.get(key);
             if (cached != null) {
                 return cached;
             }
 
-            kittyImageCache.keySet().removeIf(existing -> existing.id() == snapshot.id());
+            kittyImageCache.keySet().removeIf(existing -> existing.id() == image.id());
-            Image decoded = decodeImage(snapshot, data);
+            Image decoded = decodeImage(image);
             if (decoded != null) {
                 kittyImageCache.put(key, decoded);
             }
@@ -618,22 +365,25 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         }).orElse(null);
     }
 
-    private Image decodeImage(KittyImageSnapshot snapshot, byte[] data) {
+    private Image decodeImage(KittyImage source) {
-        if (snapshot.compression() != KittyImageCompression.NONE) {
+        if (source.compression() != KittyImageCompression.NONE) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.PNG) {
+        // Only now — on a cache miss — do we pull the raw bytes across the native boundary.
+        byte[] data = source.data();
+        KittyImageFormat format = source.format();
+        if (format == KittyImageFormat.PNG) {
             return new Image(new ByteArrayInputStream(data));
         }
 
-        int width = Math.toIntExact(snapshot.width());
+        int width = Math.toIntExact(source.width());
-        int height = Math.toIntExact(snapshot.height());
+        int height = Math.toIntExact(source.height());
         WritableImage image = new WritableImage(width, height);
 
-        if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.RGBA) {
+        if (format == KittyImageFormat.RGBA) {
             image.getPixelWriter().setPixels(0, 0, width, height, PixelFormat.getByteBgraInstance(), rgbaToBgra(data), 0, width * 4);
-        } else if (snapshot.format() == KittyImageFormat.RGB) {
+        } else if (format == KittyImageFormat.RGB) {
             image.getPixelWriter().setPixels(0, 0, width, height, PixelFormat.getByteRgbInstance(), data, 0, width * 3);
         }
         return image;
@@ -675,7 +425,15 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         private WritableImage image;
         private long[] rowHashes = new long[0];
         private CursorState lastCursor = CursorState.none();
-        private GlyphCache glyphs;
+        // Pixels captured from beneath the cursor just before it was drawn, plus the clamped rect
+        // they came from. A cursor-only frame restores these to erase the old cursor without
+        // repainting the row's cells (which would need a full, freshly-marshalled snapshot).
+        private int[] cursorUnder = new int[0];
+        private int cursorUnderX;
+        private int cursorUnderY;
+        private int cursorUnderW;
+        private int cursorUnderH;
+        private boolean cursorSaved;
         // Half-open [min, max) vertical span of buffer rows written since the last present, so
         // present() can upload only that band to the GPU instead of the whole pane texture.
         private int dirtyMinY = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
@@ -684,6 +442,7 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         private void invalidate() {
             rowHashes = new long[0];
             lastCursor = CursorState.none();
+            cursorSaved = false;
         }
 
         // Record that buffer rows [y0, y1) changed; clamped to the buffer in dirtyRegion().
@@ -762,6 +521,23 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             present(gc, px, py);
         }
 
+        // Repaint nothing but the cursor: restore the pixels beneath the old cursor to erase it,
+        // then draw the cursor at its new position (which re-saves the pixels under it). Used when
+        // the global dirty flag is FALSE but the cursor alone moved, styled or toggled visibility.
+        // Touches at most the two cursor cell rects, so it never marshals or hashes a full snapshot.
+        private void paintCursorOnly(GraphicsContext gc, RenderStateSnapshot snapshot,
+                double px, double py, double paneWidth, double paneHeight) {
+            ensure(paneWidth, paneHeight);
+            eraseCursorUnder();
+            if (snapshot != null) {
+                drawCursor(snapshot);
+                lastCursor = CursorState.from(snapshot);
+            } else {
+                lastCursor = CursorState.none();
+            }
+            present(gc, px, py);
+        }
+
         private void paintDirty(GraphicsContext gc, RenderTarget target, RenderStateSnapshot snapshot,
                 double px, double py, double paneWidth, double paneHeight, boolean active) {
             ensure(paneWidth, paneHeight);
@@ -842,7 +618,6 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             int nextWidth = Math.max(1, (int) Math.round(paneWidth));
             int nextHeight = Math.max(1, (int) Math.round(paneHeight));
             if (nextWidth == width && nextHeight == height && image != null) {
-                ensureGlyphs();
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -852,17 +627,19 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             pixelBuffer = new PixelBuffer<>(width, height, IntBuffer.wrap(pixels), PixelFormat.getIntArgbPreInstance());
             image = new WritableImage(pixelBuffer);
             invalidate();
-            ensureGlyphs();
         }
 
-        private void ensureGlyphs() {
+        // Drop the full-resolution pixel buffer and its GPU-backed image. The next ensure() rebuilds
-            int cellWidth = cellWidth();
+        // them (and a layout frame's paintFull repaints from scratch), so this is safe to call when
-            int lineHeight = lineHeight();
+        // the pane goes off-screen; only the shared glyph atlas (in TerminalMetrics) survives.
-            double baseline = metrics.baselineOffset();
+        private void release() {
-            if (glyphs == null || glyphs.font != metrics.font()
+            pixels = new int[0];
-                    || glyphs.cellWidth != cellWidth || glyphs.lineHeight != lineHeight || glyphs.baseline != baseline) {
+            pixelBuffer = null;
-                glyphs = new GlyphCache(metrics.font(), cellWidth, lineHeight, baseline);
+            image = null;
-            }
+            width = 0;
+            height = 0;
+            invalidate();
+            resetDirty();
         }
 
         private void present(GraphicsContext gc, double px, double py) {
@@ -874,6 +651,12 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             gc.drawImage(image, px, py);
         }
 
+        // Whether the cursor differs from what we last drew (position, style or visibility). Used to
+        // catch cursor-only updates that arrive with a FALSE global dirty flag.
+        private boolean cursorChanged(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
+            return !CursorState.from(snapshot).equals(lastCursor);
+        }
+
         private boolean canDiff(RenderStateSnapshot snapshot) {
             return rowHashes.length == snapshot.rows() && snapshot.renderRows().size() == snapshot.rows();
         }
@@ -1063,30 +846,32 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
                 if (cell.kittyPlaceholder().isPresent() || cell.codepoints().length == 0) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                Glyph glyph = glyphs.glyph(cell.text());
+                GlyphCache.Glyph glyph = metrics.glyphCache().glyph(cell.text());
                 int color = rgb(cellForegroundColor(cell));
                 blitGlyph(glyph, x0 + (cell.column() * cellWidth), rowTop, color);
             }
         }
 
-        private void blitGlyph(Glyph glyph, int x, int y, int rgb) {
+        private void blitGlyph(GlyphCache.Glyph glyph, int x, int y, int rgb) {
             int red = (rgb >> 16) & 0xff;
             int green = (rgb >> 8) & 0xff;
             int blue = rgb & 0xff;
             // Clamp the glyph rectangle to the buffer once, so the inner loops carry no
             // per-pixel bounds check (this is the hottest pixel loop on a text repaint).
+            int glyphWidth = glyph.width();
+            byte[] glyphAlpha = glyph.alpha();
             int gyStart = Math.max(0, -y);
-            int gyEnd = Math.min(glyph.height, height - y);
+            int gyEnd = Math.min(glyph.height(), height - y);
             int gxStart = Math.max(0, -x);
-            int gxEnd = Math.min(glyph.width, width - x);
+            int gxEnd = Math.min(glyphWidth, width - x);
             if (gyStart >= gyEnd || gxStart >= gxEnd) {
                 return;
             }
             for (int gy = gyStart; gy < gyEnd; gy++) {
                 int rowOffset = (y + gy) * width;
-                int glyphOffset = gy * glyph.width;
+                int glyphOffset = gy * glyphWidth;
                 for (int gx = gxStart; gx < gxEnd; gx++) {
-                    int alpha = glyph.alpha[glyphOffset + gx] & 0xff;
+                    int alpha = glyphAlpha[glyphOffset + gx] & 0xff;
                     if (alpha == 0) {
                         continue;
                     }
@@ -1116,6 +901,10 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             int y = contentTop() + ((int) snapshot.cursorViewportY() * lineHeight());
             int cw = cellWidth();
             int lh = lineHeight();
+            // Capture the cell box under the cursor before drawing, so a later cursor-only frame
+            // can restore it without repainting the row. The box is a superset of every style's
+            // footprint below, so the restore erases whichever style was actually drawn.
+            saveCursorUnder(x, y, cw, lh);
             RenderCursorStyle style = snapshot.cursorStyle();
             if (style == RenderCursorStyle.BAR) {
                 fillRect(x, y + 2, 1, Math.max(1, lh - 4), argbPre(DEFAULT_FOREGROUND));
@@ -1128,6 +917,45 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
             }
         }
 
+        // Copy the clamped cell box under the cursor into the save-under buffer. Marks no dirty
+        // band — saving reads pixels, it doesn't change them.
+        private void saveCursorUnder(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
+            int x0 = Math.max(0, x);
+            int y0 = Math.max(0, y);
+            int x1 = Math.min(width, x + w);
+            int y1 = Math.min(height, y + h);
+            if (x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1) {
+                cursorSaved = false;
+                return;
+            }
+            int rw = x1 - x0;
+            int rh = y1 - y0;
+            if (cursorUnder.length < rw * rh) {
+                cursorUnder = new int[rw * rh];
+            }
+            for (int row = 0; row < rh; row++) {
+                System.arraycopy(pixels, ((y0 + row) * width) + x0, cursorUnder, row * rw, rw);
+            }
+            cursorUnderX = x0;
+            cursorUnderY = y0;
+            cursorUnderW = rw;
+            cursorUnderH = rh;
+            cursorSaved = true;
+        }
+
+        // Restore the saved cell box, erasing the cursor that was drawn over it. No-op if nothing
+        // is currently saved (cursor hidden, or buffer reset since the last draw).
+        private void eraseCursorUnder() {
+            if (!cursorSaved) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (int row = 0; row < cursorUnderH; row++) {
+                System.arraycopy(cursorUnder, row * cursorUnderW, pixels, ((cursorUnderY + row) * width) + cursorUnderX, cursorUnderW);
+            }
+            markDirtyRows(cursorUnderY, cursorUnderY + cursorUnderH);
+            cursorSaved = false;
+        }
+
         private void drawBorder(boolean active) {
             strokeRect(0, 0, width, height, argbPre(active ? ACTIVE_BORDER : INACTIVE_BORDER), active ? 2 : 1);
         }
@@ -1206,53 +1034,6 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
         }
     }
 
-    private final class GlyphCache {
-        private final javafx.scene.text.Font font;
-        private final int cellWidth;
-        private final int lineHeight;
-        private final double baseline;
-        private final Map<String, Glyph> glyphs = new HashMap<>();
-
-        private GlyphCache(javafx.scene.text.Font font, int cellWidth, int lineHeight, double baseline) {
-            this.font = font;
-            this.cellWidth = cellWidth;
-            this.lineHeight = lineHeight;
-            this.baseline = baseline;
-        }
-
-        private Glyph glyph(String text) {
-            return glyphs.computeIfAbsent(text, this::renderGlyph);
-        }
-
-        private Glyph renderGlyph(String value) {
-            Text measured = new Text(value);
-            measured.setFont(font);
-            int glyphWidth = Math.max(cellWidth, (int) Math.ceil(measured.getLayoutBounds().getWidth()) + 2);
-            Canvas canvas = new Canvas(glyphWidth, lineHeight);
-            GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
-            gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.GRAY);
-            gc.setFont(font);
-            gc.setFill(Color.WHITE);
-            gc.fillText(value, 0.0, baseline);
-
-            SnapshotParameters parameters = new SnapshotParameters();
-            parameters.setFill(Color.TRANSPARENT);
-            WritableImage snapshot = canvas.snapshot(parameters, null);
-            PixelReader reader = snapshot.getPixelReader();
-            byte[] alpha = new byte[glyphWidth * lineHeight];
-            for (int y = 0; y < lineHeight; y++) {
-                int offset = y * glyphWidth;
-                for (int x = 0; x < glyphWidth; x++) {
-                    alpha[offset + x] = (byte) ((reader.getArgb(x, y) >>> 24) & 0xff);
-                }
-            }
-            return new Glyph(glyphWidth, lineHeight, alpha);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private record Glyph(int width, int height, byte[] alpha) {
-    }
-
     private record CursorState(boolean visible, boolean hasViewport, int column, int row, RenderCursorStyle style) {
         private static CursorState none() {
             return new CursorState(false, false, -1, -1, null);
@@ -1321,15 +1102,15 @@ final class GhosttyTerminalRenderer extends TerminalRenderer {
     // identity + dimensions + payload length are enough to key the decoded-image cache, and
     // we avoid fingerprinting the whole payload — which previously ran once per frame per
     // placement (O(image size)) just to look the image up.
-    private record KittyImageKey(long id, long number, long width, long height, KittyImageFormat format, int dataLength) {
+    private record KittyImageKey(long id, long number, long width, long height, KittyImageFormat format, long dataLength) {
-        private static KittyImageKey of(KittyImageSnapshot snapshot, byte[] data) {
+        private static KittyImageKey of(KittyImage image) {
             return new KittyImageKey(
-                    snapshot.id(),
+                    image.id(),
-                    snapshot.number(),
+                    image.number(),
-                    snapshot.width(),
+                    image.width(),
-                    snapshot.height(),
+                    image.height(),
-                    snapshot.format(),
+                    image.format(),
-                    data.length
+                    image.dataLength()
             );
         }
     }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/GlyphCache.java

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import javafx.scene.SnapshotParameters;
+import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
+import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
+import javafx.scene.image.PixelReader;
+import javafx.scene.image.WritableImage;
+import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
+import javafx.scene.text.Font;
+import javafx.scene.text.FontSmoothingType;
+import javafx.scene.text.Text;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Rasterized glyph alpha masks for one window's font, shared by every pane's renderer. The atlas is
+ * a pure function of the window's {@link TerminalMetrics} (font family/size, snapped cell geometry,
+ * baseline), and all panes in a window observe the same metrics, so a single shared cache lets N
+ * panes reuse one copy of each glyph instead of each rasterizing and retaining its own. It also
+ * means a pane whose backbuffer was released (see {@link GhosttyTerminalRenderer}) does not have to
+ * re-rasterize glyphs when it is shown again.
+ *
+ * <p>Rasterizing goes through JavaFX ({@link Canvas#snapshot}), so {@link #glyph} must be called on
+ * the FX thread — which is where all rendering happens. The cache self-invalidates when the metrics
+ * change (e.g. a font switch): the next lookup notices and clears.
+ */
+final class GlyphCache {
+    record Glyph(int width, int height, byte[] alpha) {
+    }
+
+    private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
+    private final Map<String, Glyph> glyphs = new HashMap<>();
+    // The metrics snapshot the cached glyphs were rasterized for; a mismatch clears the cache.
+    private Font font;
+    private int cellWidth;
+    private int lineHeight;
+    private double baseline;
+
+    GlyphCache(TerminalMetrics metrics) {
+        this.metrics = metrics;
+    }
+
+    Glyph glyph(String text) {
+        ensureCurrent();
+        return glyphs.computeIfAbsent(text, this::renderGlyph);
+    }
+
+    // Drop the rasterized masks if the font/cell geometry changed since they were built. Cheap to
+    // call per lookup: a no-op unless the window's metrics actually changed under us.
+    private void ensureCurrent() {
+        Font currentFont = metrics.font();
+        int currentCellWidth = Math.max(1, (int) Math.round(metrics.cellWidth()));
+        int currentLineHeight = Math.max(1, (int) Math.round(metrics.lineHeight()));
+        double currentBaseline = metrics.baselineOffset();
+        if (currentFont != font || currentCellWidth != cellWidth
+                || currentLineHeight != lineHeight || currentBaseline != baseline) {
+            font = currentFont;
+            cellWidth = currentCellWidth;
+            lineHeight = currentLineHeight;
+            baseline = currentBaseline;
+            glyphs.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Glyph renderGlyph(String value) {
+        Text measured = new Text(value);
+        measured.setFont(font);
+        int glyphWidth = Math.max(cellWidth, (int) Math.ceil(measured.getLayoutBounds().getWidth()) + 2);
+        Canvas canvas = new Canvas(glyphWidth, lineHeight);
+        GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
+        gc.setFontSmoothingType(FontSmoothingType.GRAY);
+        gc.setFont(font);
+        gc.setFill(Color.WHITE);
+        gc.fillText(value, 0.0, baseline);
+
+        SnapshotParameters parameters = new SnapshotParameters();
+        parameters.setFill(Color.TRANSPARENT);
+        WritableImage snapshot = canvas.snapshot(parameters, null);
+        PixelReader reader = snapshot.getPixelReader();
+        byte[] alpha = new byte[glyphWidth * lineHeight];
+        for (int y = 0; y < lineHeight; y++) {
+            int offset = y * glyphWidth;
+            for (int x = 0; x < glyphWidth; x++) {
+                alpha[offset + x] = (byte) ((reader.getArgb(x, y) >>> 24) & 0xff);
+            }
+        }
+        return new Glyph(glyphWidth, lineHeight, alpha);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/KittyImageNode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import javafx.scene.image.Image;
+
+/**
+ * A single kitty image to display, produced by the renderer and consumed by {@link
+ * KittyImageOverlay}. Images are not painted onto the canvas; each becomes a retained
+ * {@code ImageView} node positioned over the pane. The {@code source*} fields are the region of
+ * {@link #image()} to show (in image pixels); the {@code x/y/width/height} are where to put it,
+ * in scene coordinates (the same space the pane's clip {@code Shape} lives in).
+ *
+ * <p>{@code imageId}+{@code placementId} identify the placement so the overlay can reuse the
+ * same node across frames instead of recreating it.
+ */
+record KittyImageNode(
+        long imageId,
+        long placementId,
+        Image image,
+        double sourceX,
+        double sourceY,
+        double sourceWidth,
+        double sourceHeight,
+        double x,
+        double y,
+        double width,
+        double height
+) {
+    /** Stable per-pane key for node reuse. Packs the two u32 ids without collision. */
+    long key() {
+        return (imageId << 32) | (placementId & 0xffffffffL);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/KittyImageOverlay.java

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
+import javafx.scene.Group;
+import javafx.scene.Node;
+import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
+import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
+import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
+import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Renders kitty graphics images as retained scene-graph nodes layered over the {@link Compositor}
+ * canvas, instead of compositing them onto the canvas. Each pane gets a {@link Group} clipped to
+ * that pane's region (the same clip {@code Shape} the canvas renderer uses), and each visible
+ * image placement is an {@link ImageView} inside it, reused across frames so an unchanged image
+ * costs nothing to redraw.
+ *
+ * <p>The overlay {@link #node()} is mouse-transparent and sits above the canvas in the window's
+ * {@code StackPane}; its children use scene coordinates, which line up with the canvas because
+ * both fill the same root.
+ */
+final class KittyImageOverlay {
+    private final Pane root = new Pane();
+    private final Map<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay> overlays = new HashMap<>();
+
+    KittyImageOverlay() {
+        // Input belongs to the canvas underneath; the overlay only shows pixels.
+        root.setMouseTransparent(true);
+        root.setManaged(false);
+    }
+
+    Node node() {
+        return root;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Full reconcile to {@code panes} (bottom-to-top): drop overlays for panes that went away,
+     * refresh each surviving/added pane's images and clip, and order the per-pane groups to match
+     * the pane z-order. Called on layout frames, after the panes have painted.
+     */
+    void sync(List<TerminalPane> panes) {
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay>> it = overlays.entrySet().iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            Map.Entry<TerminalPane, PaneOverlay> entry = it.next();
+            if (!panes.contains(entry.getKey())) {
+                root.getChildren().remove(entry.getValue().group);
+                it.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
+            updatePane(pane);
+        }
+        // Only panes that actually have images get a group; order those to match pane z-order.
+        List<Node> ordered = new ArrayList<>(panes.size());
+        for (TerminalPane pane : panes) {
+            PaneOverlay overlay = overlays.get(pane);
+            if (overlay != null) {
+                ordered.add(overlay.group);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!root.getChildren().equals(ordered)) {
+            root.getChildren().setAll(ordered);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Refresh one pane's images and clip (called on content frames for each repainted pane).
+     * Creates the pane's group if this is the first time it has shown an image.
+     */
+    void updatePane(TerminalPane pane) {
+        List<KittyImageNode> images = pane.kittyImages();
+        PaneOverlay overlay = overlays.get(pane);
+        if (overlay == null) {
+            if (images.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            overlay = new PaneOverlay();
+            overlays.put(pane, overlay);
+            root.getChildren().add(overlay.group);
+        }
+        overlay.group.setClip(clipFor(pane));
+        reconcile(overlay, images);
+    }
+
+    private static void reconcile(PaneOverlay overlay, List<KittyImageNode> images) {
+        Set<Long> seen = new HashSet<>();
+        for (KittyImageNode node : images) {
+            long key = node.key();
+            seen.add(key);
+            ImageView view = overlay.views.get(key);
+            if (view == null) {
+                view = new ImageView();
+                view.setManaged(false);
+                view.setSmooth(true);
+                view.setPreserveRatio(false);
+                overlay.views.put(key, view);
+                overlay.group.getChildren().add(view);
+            }
+            apply(view, node);
+        }
+        if (overlay.views.size() == seen.size()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, ImageView>> it = overlay.views.entrySet().iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            Map.Entry<Long, ImageView> entry = it.next();
+            if (!seen.contains(entry.getKey())) {
+                overlay.group.getChildren().remove(entry.getValue());
+                it.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void apply(ImageView view, KittyImageNode node) {
+        if (view.getImage() != node.image()) {
+            view.setImage(node.image());
+        }
+        view.setViewport(new Rectangle2D(node.sourceX(), node.sourceY(), node.sourceWidth(), node.sourceHeight()));
+        view.setFitWidth(node.width());
+        view.setFitHeight(node.height());
+        view.setLayoutX(node.x());
+        view.setLayoutY(node.y());
+    }
+
+    // The pane's occlusion clip when one is set (rect minus covering panes), else the pane's
+    // plain bounds so an image can't spill outside its pane. Matches Tab's pixel snapping.
+    private static Shape clipFor(TerminalPane pane) {
+        Shape clip = pane.clip();
+        if (clip != null) {
+            return clip;
+        }
+        return new Rectangle(Math.round(pane.x()), Math.round(pane.y()), pane.width(), pane.height());
+    }
+
+    private static final class PaneOverlay {
+        private final Group group = new Group();
+        private final Map<Long, ImageView> views = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private PaneOverlay() {
+            group.setManaged(false);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/LinuxPty.java

@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@ import java.lang.foreign.MemorySegment;
 import java.lang.foreign.SymbolLookup;
 import java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout;
 import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 
 /**
  * A Linux PTY backed by libc via the Foreign Function & Memory API.
@@ -30,6 +35,11 @@ import java.util.Map;
 public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
     static final Linker LINKER = Linker.nativeLinker();
     private static final SymbolLookup LIBC = LINKER.defaultLookup();
+    private static final ExecutorService REAPER = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(runnable -> {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(runnable, "pty-reaper");
+        thread.setDaemon(true);
+        return thread;
+    });
 
     static final AddressLayout C_POINTER = (AddressLayout) LINKER.canonicalLayouts().get("void*");
     static final ValueLayout.OfShort C_SHORT = (ValueLayout.OfShort) LINKER.canonicalLayouts().get("short");
@@ -60,7 +70,10 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
     private static final long TIOCSWINSZ = 0x5414L;
     private static final short POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID = 0x80;
     private static final int SIGHUP = 1;
+    private static final int SIGINT = 2;
+    private static final int SIGQUIT = 3;
     private static final int SIGKILL = 9;
+    private static final int SIGTERM = 15;
     private static final int WNOHANG = 1;
 
     // struct winsize { unsigned short ws_row, ws_col, ws_xpixel, ws_ypixel; }
@@ -74,6 +87,7 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
     private static final long SPAWN_ACTIONS_SIZE = 256;
     private static final long SPAWN_ATTR_SIZE = 512;
 
+    private static final MethodHandle TCGETPGRP = handle("tcgetpgrp", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle POSIX_OPENPT = handle("posix_openpt", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle GRANTPT = handle("grantpt", FD_INT_INT);
     private static final MethodHandle UNLOCKPT = handle("unlockpt", FD_INT_INT);
@@ -101,11 +115,36 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
     private final Object writeLock = new Object();
     private final int masterFd;
     private final int pid;
+    private final int closeSignal;
     private volatile boolean closed;
 
-    private LinuxPty(int masterFd, int pid) {
+    private LinuxPty(int masterFd, int pid, int closeSignal) {
         this.masterFd = masterFd;
         this.pid = pid;
+        this.closeSignal = closeSignal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves a signal name (e.g. {@code "SIGTERM"}, {@code "TERM"}, {@code "SIGKILL"}) to its
+     * Linux signal number, or {@code -1} if the name is not one we recognise. Case-insensitive and
+     * tolerant of a missing {@code SIG} prefix.
+     */
+    public static int signalNumber(String name) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        String normalized = name.trim().toUpperCase(java.util.Locale.ROOT);
+        if (normalized.startsWith("SIG")) {
+            normalized = normalized.substring(3);
+        }
+        return switch (normalized) {
+            case "HUP" -> SIGHUP;
+            case "INT" -> SIGINT;
+            case "QUIT" -> SIGQUIT;
+            case "KILL" -> SIGKILL;
+            case "TERM" -> SIGTERM;
+            default -> -1;
+        };
     }
 
     /**
@@ -114,8 +153,10 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
      * @param argv command and arguments (e.g. {@code {"/bin/zsh", "-i"}})
      * @param environment environment for the child, as KEY=VALUE pairs
      * @param workingDirectory directory the child starts in, or {@code null} to inherit
+     * @param closeSignal signal number sent to the child on {@link #close()} (e.g. SIGTERM)
      */
-    public static LinuxPty spawn(String[] argv, Map<String, String> environment, String workingDirectory) {
+    public static LinuxPty spawn(String[] argv, Map<String, String> environment, String workingDirectory,
+            int closeSignal) {
         Arena setup = Arena.ofConfined();
         try {
             int master = check(callInt(POSIX_OPENPT, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY), "posix_openpt");
@@ -154,7 +195,7 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
                     if (rc != 0) {
                         throw new IllegalStateException("posix_spawnp failed for " + argv[0] + " (rc=" + rc + ")");
                     }
-                    return new LinuxPty(master, pidOut.get(C_INT, 0));
+                    return new LinuxPty(master, pidOut.get(C_INT, 0), closeSignal);
                 } finally {
                     callInt(ATTR_DESTROY, attr);
                     callInt(FA_DESTROY, actions);
@@ -205,6 +246,25 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Best-effort current working directory of the terminal's foreground process group, read from
+     * {@code /proc}. This tracks the directory the user is actually in (a {@code cd} in the shell,
+     * or a child program that changed dir), so a newly opened pane can start there. Falls back to
+     * the shell's own pid, and returns {@code null} if it cannot be determined.
+     */
+    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int pgid = callInt(TCGETPGRP, masterFd);
+        int target = pgid > 0 ? pgid : pid;
+        try {
+            return Files.readSymbolicLink(Path.of("/proc", Integer.toString(target), "cwd")).toString();
+        } catch (IOException | RuntimeException ex) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
     /** Resizes the terminal window. */
     public void setWinSize(int columns, int rows) {
         if (closed) {
@@ -222,15 +282,44 @@ public final class LinuxPty implements AutoCloseable {
 
     @Override
     public void close() {
-        if (closed) {
+        if (!markClosed()) {
             return;
         }
-        closed = true;
+        closeMaster();
-        callKill(pid, SIGHUP);
+        try {
-        callInt(CLOSE, masterFd);
             reap();
+        } finally {
             arena.close();
         }
+    }
+
+    /** Send the configured close signal and close the master fd now; reap off the caller thread. */
+    public void closeDetached() {
+        if (!markClosed()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        closeMaster();
+        REAPER.submit(() -> {
+            try {
+                reap();
+            } finally {
+                arena.close();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private synchronized boolean markClosed() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        closed = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void closeMaster() {
+        callKill(pid, closeSignal);
+        callInt(CLOSE, masterFd);
+    }
 
     private void reap() {
         try (Arena a = Arena.ofConfined()) {

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Main.java

@@ -1,200 +1,31 @@
 package com.gregor.jprototerm;
 
-import javafx.animation.AnimationTimer;
+/**
-import javafx.application.Application;
+ * Entry point and mode dispatch. A bare invocation is a thin client: it hands the request to a
-import javafx.application.Platform;
+ * running {@link Daemon}, or, if none is reachable, opens a single standalone window in this process
-import javafx.scene.Scene;
+ * (today's behavior). {@code --daemon} runs the long-lived server that hosts every window in one
-import javafx.scene.control.ButtonType;
+ * JVM, so client launches skip cold JVM/JavaFX/GL startup.
-import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
+ */
-import javafx.scene.control.Dialog;
+public final class Main {
-import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+    private Main() {
-import javafx.scene.control.Spinner;
-import javafx.scene.control.SpinnerValueFactory;
-import javafx.scene.input.KeyEvent;
-import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
-import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
-import javafx.scene.text.Font;
-import javafx.stage.Stage;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.nio.file.Path;
-
-public final class Main extends Application {
-    private Compositor compositor;
-    private TerminalMetrics metrics;
-    private AppConfig config;
-
-    @Override
-    public void start(Stage stage) {
-        config = AppConfig.load();
-
-        metrics = new TerminalMetrics(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
-        compositor = new Compositor(config, metrics);
-
-        StackPane root = new StackPane(compositor.canvas());
-        compositor.canvas().widthProperty().bind(root.widthProperty());
-        compositor.canvas().heightProperty().bind(root.heightProperty());
-
-        Scene scene = new Scene(root, config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
-        scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, this::handlePressed);
-        scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_TYPED, event -> handleTyped(event));
-
-        new AnimationTimer() {
-            @Override
-            public void handle(long now) {
-                compositor.render();
-            }
-        }.start();
-
-        stage.setTitle("jprototerm");
-        stage.setScene(scene);
-        stage.setOnCloseRequest(event -> {
-            compositor.close();
-        });
-        stage.show();
-        compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
-    }
-
-    private void handlePressed(KeyEvent event) {
-        if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_left").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.navigate(Direction.LEFT);
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_down").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.navigate(Direction.DOWN);
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_up").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.navigate(Direction.UP);
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_right").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.navigate(Direction.RIGHT);
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("toggle_floating").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.toggleFloating();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("new_pane").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.createPane();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("next_floating").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.nextFloatingPane();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("close_pane").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.closeActivePane();
-            event.consume();
-            if (compositor.isEmpty()) {
-                // Closing the last pane quits the app.
-                compositor.close();
-                Platform.exit();
-            }
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("new_tab").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.newTab();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("previous_tab").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.previousTab();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("next_tab").matches(event)) {
-            compositor.nextTab();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("open_font_selector").matches(event)) {
-            openFontSelector();
-            event.consume();
-        } else if (config.keybindings().get("open_scrollback").matches(event)) {
-            openScrollbackInEditor();
-            event.consume();
-        } else {
-            String encoded = KeyEncoder.encode(event);
-            if (encoded != null) {
-                compositor.activePane().send(encoded);
-                event.consume();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void handleTyped(KeyEvent event) {
-        if (event.isAltDown() || event.isControlDown() || event.isMetaDown()) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        String text = event.getCharacter();
-        if (text != null && !text.isEmpty() && text.charAt(0) >= 0x20 && text.charAt(0) != 0x7f) {
-            compositor.activePane().send(text);
-            event.consume();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void openFontSelector() {
-        Dialog<ButtonType> dialog = new Dialog<>();
-        dialog.setTitle("Font");
-        dialog.getDialogPane().getButtonTypes().addAll(ButtonType.OK, ButtonType.CANCEL);
-
-        ComboBox<String> family = new ComboBox<>();
-        family.getItems().setAll(Font.getFamilies());
-        family.setEditable(true);
-        family.setMaxWidth(Double.MAX_VALUE);
-        family.setValue(config.fontFamily());
-
-        Spinner<Double> size = new Spinner<>();
-        size.setEditable(true);
-        size.setValueFactory(new SpinnerValueFactory.DoubleSpinnerValueFactory(6.0, 48.0, config.fontSize(), 0.5));
-
-        GridPane content = new GridPane();
-        content.setHgap(10.0);
-        content.setVgap(10.0);
-        content.add(new Label("Family"), 0, 0);
-        content.add(family, 1, 0);
-        content.add(new Label("Size"), 0, 1);
-        content.add(size, 1, 1);
-        dialog.getDialogPane().setContent(content);
-
-        dialog.showAndWait()
-                .filter(button -> button == ButtonType.OK)
-                .ifPresent(ignored -> {
-                    String selectedFamily = family.getEditor().getText();
-                    if (selectedFamily == null || selectedFamily.isBlank()) {
-                        selectedFamily = family.getValue();
-                    }
-                    if (selectedFamily == null || selectedFamily.isBlank()) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    double selectedSize = size.getValue();
-                    config = config.withFont(selectedFamily.trim(), selectedSize);
-                    config.save();
-                    compositor.setFont(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
-                    compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
-                });
-    }
-
-    private void openScrollbackInEditor() {
-        try {
-            Path file = Files.createTempFile("jprototerm-scrollback-", ".txt");
-            Files.writeString(file, compositor.activePane().scrollbackText());
-            file.toFile().deleteOnExit();
-
-            compositor.activePane().send(scrollbackEditorCommand(file) + "\r");
-        } catch (IOException ex) {
-            System.err.println("Could not open scrollback in editor: " + ex.getMessage());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private String scrollbackEditorCommand(Path file) {
-        String quotedFile = shellQuote(file.toString());
-        String command = config.scrollbackEditorCommand();
-        if (command == null || command.isBlank()) {
-            command = "vi {file}";
-        }
-        if (command.contains("{file}")) {
-            return command.replace("{file}", quotedFile);
-        }
-        return command + " " + quotedFile;
-    }
-
-    private static String shellQuote(String value) {
-        return "'" + value.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") + "'";
     }
 
     public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Match the renderer order the app was tuned for; honor an explicit override if present.
         System.setProperty("prism.order", System.getProperty("prism.order", "es2,sw"));
-        launch(Main.class, args);
+
+        for (String arg : args) {
+            if (arg.equals("--daemon")) {
+                Daemon.run();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        String workingDirectory = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        if (Daemon.tryClient(workingDirectory)) {
+            return; // a running daemon opened the window
+        }
+        // No daemon reachable: fall back to a standalone window; the JVM exits when it closes.
+        WindowManager.start(WindowManager.Mode.STANDALONE).openWindow(workingDirectory);
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/ShellSession.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package com.gregor.jprototerm;
 
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
@@ -20,8 +21,43 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
         });
     }
 
-    public static ShellSession start(String shell, Map<String, String> envOverride, TerminalPane pane, int columns, int rows) {
+    /**
+     * Starts the configured shell. {@code shellCommand} is the executable plus its arguments (e.g.
+     * {@code ["/bin/bash", "-i"]}), spawned verbatim — any interactive flag is the user's choice in
+     * config, not assumed here.
+     */
+    public static ShellSession start(List<String> shellCommand, Map<String, String> envOverride, TerminalPane pane,
+            int columns, int rows, String workingDirectory, int closeSignal) {
         try {
+            return spawn(shellCommand.toArray(new String[0]), envOverride, columns, rows, workingDirectory,
+                    closeSignal);
+        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+            pane.write("failed to start shell: " + ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not start shell " + String.join(" ", shellCommand), ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a session whose first and only process is {@code /bin/sh -c command}, so the program
+     * runs deterministically from the start rather than being typed into an interactive shell —
+     * there is no startup/rc race to lose or mangle the input. When the process exits the pty
+     * closes and the pane auto-closes. {@code /bin/sh -c} is used (not the user's configured shell)
+     * because it is the portable way to run a command line and does not depend on shell-specific
+     * flags. {@code command} must not be null.
+     */
+    public static ShellSession startCommand(Map<String, String> envOverride, TerminalPane pane,
+            int columns, int rows, String workingDirectory, String command, int closeSignal) {
+        try {
+            return spawn(new String[] {"/bin/sh", "-c", command}, envOverride, columns, rows, workingDirectory,
+                    closeSignal);
+        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+            pane.write("failed to run command: " + ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not run command: " + command, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ShellSession spawn(String[] argv, Map<String, String> envOverride,
+            int columns, int rows, String workingDirectory, int closeSignal) {
         Map<String, String> environment = new HashMap<>(System.getenv());
         environment.put("TERM", "xterm-kitty");
         environment.put("COLORTERM", "truecolor");
@@ -29,16 +65,13 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
         environment.putAll(envOverride);
 
         LinuxPty pty = LinuxPty.spawn(
-                    new String[] {shell, "-i"},
+                argv,
                 environment,
-                    System.getProperty("user.home"));
+                workingDirectory != null ? workingDirectory : System.getProperty("user.home"),
+                closeSignal);
         ShellSession session = new ShellSession(pty);
         session.resize(columns, rows);
         return session;
-        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
-            pane.write("failed to start shell: " + ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not start shell " + shell, ex);
-        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -63,12 +96,37 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
         // These are jprototerm's own runtime settings, not the user's shell environment.
         environment.remove("GDK_BACKEND");
         environment.remove("JLIBGHOSTTY_LIBRARY");
+        sanitizeJavaToolOptions(environment);
+    }
+
+    private static void sanitizeJavaToolOptions(Map<String, String> environment) {
+        String javaToolOptions = environment.get("JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS");
+        if (javaToolOptions == null
+                || !javaToolOptions.contains("-XX:SharedArchiveFile=")
+                || !javaToolOptions.contains("/jprototerm/app")) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String sanitized = javaToolOptions
+                .replaceAll("(^|\\s)-XX:\\+AutoCreateSharedArchive(?=\\s|$)", " ")
+                .replaceAll("(^|\\s)-XX:SharedArchiveFile=\\S*/jprototerm/app\\S*(?=\\s|$)", " ")
+                .trim();
+        if (sanitized.isEmpty()) {
+            environment.remove("JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS");
+        } else {
+            environment.put("JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS", sanitized);
+        }
     }
 
     public void startReading(TerminalPane pane) {
         reader.submit(() -> readOutput(pane));
     }
 
+    /** Best-effort current working directory of the running shell, or {@code null} if unknown. */
+    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
+        return closed ? null : pty.currentWorkingDirectory();
+    }
+
     public void resize(int columns, int rows) {
         if (closed) {
             return;
@@ -113,12 +171,36 @@ public final class ShellSession implements AutoCloseable {
                 pane.write("\r\nshell output stopped: " + ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
             }
         }
+        // The stream ended without us closing the session, so the process exited on its own (the
+        // user typed `exit`, or a one-shot command pane finished). Let the pane tear itself down.
+        if (!closed) {
+            pane.handleSessionExit();
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
     public void close() {
-        closed = true;
+        if (!markClosed()) {
+            return;
+        }
         reader.shutdownNow();
         pty.close();
     }
+
+    /** Signal and disconnect the pty immediately, but leave child reaping to a background thread. */
+    public void closeDetached() {
+        if (!markClosed()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        reader.shutdownNow();
+        pty.closeDetached();
+    }
+
+    private synchronized boolean markClosed() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        closed = true;
+        return true;
+    }
 }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/StartupTiming.java

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Opt-in startup phase timing, enabled with {@code -Djprototerm.timing=true} (e.g. via
+ * {@code JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS}); otherwise every method is a cheap no-op and prints nothing.
+ *
+ * <p>Each {@link #mark(String)} prints one line to stderr with the time since the previous mark and
+ * the total since JVM start, so a cold launch breaks down into its phases — toolkit/GL init vs
+ * config load vs font loading vs first frame. The anchor is the JVM's own start time (the closest
+ * proxy we have to "process start"), so the first mark includes JVM bootstrap and JavaFX toolkit
+ * init, which is usually the dominant cost.
+ */
+final class StartupTiming {
+    private static final boolean ENABLED = Boolean.getBoolean("jprototerm.timing");
+    // Epoch millis; getStartTime() is the JVM's start, the earliest timestamp we can anchor to.
+    private static final long JVM_START_MILLIS = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getStartTime();
+    private static long lastMillis = -1;
+    private static boolean firstFrameSeen;
+
+    private StartupTiming() {
+    }
+
+    /** Records a phase boundary, printing the delta since the previous mark and since JVM start. */
+    static void mark(String phase) {
+        if (!ENABLED) {
+            return;
+        }
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long sinceStart = now - JVM_START_MILLIS;
+        long sinceLast = lastMillis < 0 ? sinceStart : now - lastMillis;
+        lastMillis = now;
+        System.err.printf("[timing] %-22s +%5d ms   (%5d ms since JVM start)%n", phase, sinceLast, sinceStart);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the first rendered frame exactly once, then becomes a no-op. Safe and cheap to call
+     * from the render loop every frame (it only ever touches FX-thread state).
+     */
+    static void firstFrame() {
+        if (!ENABLED || firstFrameSeen) {
+            return;
+        }
+        firstFrameSeen = true;
+        mark("first frame");
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/Tab.java

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 /**
@@ -19,13 +20,19 @@ import java.util.stream.Stream;
 final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     private final AppConfig config;
     private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
+    // Notified (on the FX thread) when one of this tab's panes' process exits on its own, so the
+    // compositor can close that pane and reap the tab/app if it was the last one.
+    private final Consumer<TerminalPane> onPaneExit;
     private final List<TerminalPane> tiled = new ArrayList<>();
     private final List<TerminalPane> floating = new ArrayList<>();
     private boolean floatingVisible;
     private TerminalPane active;
+    private final String initialWorkingDirectory;
     // The floating pane to re-focus when the group is shown again, and to prefer when promoting
     // after the last tiled pane closes.
     private TerminalPane lastFocusedFloating;
+    // The tiled pane to re-focus when the floating group is hidden.
+    private TerminalPane lastFocusedTiled;
     // Last laid-out size, so a newly opened pane can be created at roughly its eventual rect
     // (and thus grid). Seeded from the configured window size for the first pane, which is
     // opened before any layout pass runs.
@@ -36,11 +43,22 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     // tab's value each frame as an O(1) "anything to repaint?" check.
     private final AtomicLong contentVersion = new AtomicLong();
 
-    Tab(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics) {
+    Tab(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Consumer<TerminalPane> onPaneExit) {
+        this(config, metrics, null, onPaneExit);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a tab whose first pane starts in {@code initialWorkingDirectory} (e.g. the cwd of the
+     * pane that was active when this tab was opened), or the user's home when {@code null}.
+     */
+    Tab(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, String initialWorkingDirectory,
+            Consumer<TerminalPane> onPaneExit) {
         this.config = config;
         this.metrics = metrics;
+        this.onPaneExit = onPaneExit;
         this.lastWidth = config.windowWidth();
         this.lastHeight = config.windowHeight();
+        this.initialWorkingDirectory = initialWorkingDirectory;
         TerminalPane first = openPane(false);
         tiled.add(first);
         active = first;
@@ -83,6 +101,19 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         return pane != null && pane == active;
     }
 
+    /** Every pane this tab owns, composited or not (tiled then floating). */
+    List<TerminalPane> allPanes() {
+        List<TerminalPane> all = new ArrayList<>(tiled.size() + floating.size());
+        all.addAll(tiled);
+        all.addAll(floating);
+        return all;
+    }
+
+    /** Whether this tab owns panes that {@link #panes()} does not currently composite. */
+    boolean hasHiddenPanes() {
+        return !floatingVisible && !floating.isEmpty();
+    }
+
     boolean focus(TerminalPane pane) {
         if (pane == active || !isFocusable(pane)) {
             return false;
@@ -183,7 +214,7 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         if (floatingVisible) {
             floatingVisible = false;
             if (floating.contains(active)) {
-                setActive(tiled.get(0));
+                setActive(tiled.contains(lastFocusedTiled) ? lastFocusedTiled : tiled.get(0));
             }
         } else {
             floatingVisible = true;
@@ -212,20 +243,52 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         setActive(floating.get((current + 1 + floating.size()) % floating.size()));
     }
 
-    void closeActivePane() {
+    /** Promotes the active floating pane to a tiled pane, joining the tiled row. No-op otherwise. */
-        TerminalPane closing = active;
+    void toggleActiveFloating() {
-        boolean wasFloating = floating.remove(closing);
+        TerminalPane toggled = active;
-        if (!wasFloating) {
+        if (floating.remove(toggled)) {
-            tiled.remove(closing);
+            lastFocusedFloating = floating.isEmpty() ? null : floating.get(floating.size() - 1);
+            tiled.add(toggled);
+            floatingVisible = false;
+            setActive(toggled);
+        } else if (tiled.remove(toggled)) {
+            lastFocusedTiled = tiled.isEmpty() ? null : tiled.get(tiled.size() -1);
+            floating.add(toggled);
+            floatingVisible = true;
+            setActive(toggled);
         }
+    }
+
+    void closeActivePane() {
+        if (active != null) {
+            closePane(active);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes {@code closing} (the active pane on a key-bound close, or any pane whose process just
+     * exited) and re-selects the active pane only when the one that closed was active. Returns
+     * false when the pane is not in this tab. Leaves the tab empty ({@code active == null}) when its
+     * last pane closes, so the compositor can drop it.
+     */
+    boolean closePane(TerminalPane closing) {
+        boolean wasFloating = floating.remove(closing);
+        boolean wasTiled = !wasFloating && tiled.remove(closing);
+        if (!wasFloating && !wasTiled) {
+            return false; // not one of this tab's panes (already gone)
+        }
+        boolean wasActive = closing == active;
         if (closing == lastFocusedFloating) {
             lastFocusedFloating = null;
         }
+        if (closing == lastFocusedTiled) {
+            lastFocusedTiled = null;
+        }
         closing.close();
 
         if (tiled.isEmpty() && floating.isEmpty()) {
             active = null; // tab is now empty; the compositor drops it
-            return;
+            return true;
         }
 
         // Always keep a tiled base: if the last tiled pane just closed, promote a floating one
@@ -237,31 +300,54 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
             floating.remove(promote);
             tiled.add(promote);
             if (promote == lastFocusedFloating) {
-                lastFocusedFloating = null;
-                if (!floating.isEmpty()) {
                 lastFocusedFloating = floating.isEmpty() ? null : floating.get(nextFocussed);
             }
         }
-        }
         if (floating.isEmpty()) {
             floatingVisible = false;
         }
 
-        setActive(wasFloating && floatingVisible ? floating.get(floating.size() - 1) : tiled.get(0));
+        // Only the active pane closing forces a re-selection; closing a background pane (e.g. one
+        // whose process exited while another is focused) leaves focus where it is.
+        if (wasActive) {
+            setActive(wasFloating && floatingVisible
+                    ? floating.get(floating.size() - 1)
+                    : tiled.contains(lastFocusedTiled) ? lastFocusedTiled : tiled.get(0));
+        }
+        return true;
     }
 
     private void setActive(TerminalPane pane) {
         active = pane;
         if (floating.contains(pane)) {
             lastFocusedFloating = pane;
+        } else if (tiled.contains(pane)) {
+            lastFocusedTiled = pane;
+            // A tiled pane gaining focus hides the floating group: leaving it shown while a tiled
+            // pane is active strands focus behind the overlay and disables navigation.
+            floatingVisible = false;
         }
     }
 
-    private void createFloatingPane() {
+    TerminalPane createFloatingPane() {
-        TerminalPane pane = openPane(true);
+        return addFloating(openPane(true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a floating pane whose process runs {@code command} directly (auto-closing when it
+     * exits), rather than an interactive shell. Used for one-shot panes like the scrollback editor.
+     */
+    TerminalPane createFloatingPane(String command) {
+        double[] size = paneSize(true);
+        return addFloating(register(TerminalPane.createWithCommand(
+                config, metrics, this::markContentChanged, size[0], size[1], paneWorkingDirectory(), command)));
+    }
+
+    private TerminalPane addFloating(TerminalPane pane) {
         floating.add(pane);
         floatingVisible = true;
         setActive(pane);
+        return pane;
     }
 
     private boolean navigateFloatingStack(Direction direction) {
@@ -296,18 +382,31 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
     }
 
     private TerminalPane openPane(boolean asFloating) {
-        double availHeight = lastHeight - lastTopInset;
+        double[] size = paneSize(asFloating);
-        double widthPx;
+        return register(TerminalPane.create(
-        double heightPx;
+                config, metrics, this::markContentChanged, size[0], size[1], paneWorkingDirectory()));
-        if (asFloating) {
-            widthPx = Math.max(420, lastWidth * 0.58);
-            heightPx = Math.max(260, availHeight * 0.58);
-        } else {
-            // A new tiled pane joins the row, so each gets 1/(n+1) of the width.
-            widthPx = lastWidth / (tiled.size() + 1);
-            heightPx = availHeight;
     }
-        return TerminalPane.create(config, metrics, this::markContentChanged, widthPx, heightPx);
+
+    private double[] paneSize(boolean asFloating) {
+        double availHeight = lastHeight - lastTopInset;
+        if (asFloating) {
+            return new double[] {Math.max(420, lastWidth * 0.58), Math.max(260, availHeight * 0.58)};
+        }
+        // A new tiled pane joins the row, so each gets 1/(n+1) of the width.
+        return new double[] {lastWidth / (tiled.size() + 1), availHeight};
+    }
+
+    // Open a new pane in the active pane's working directory, so a split/new pane lands where the
+    // user currently is. With no active pane yet (the tab's first pane), fall back to the directory
+    // this tab was opened in. null (cwd unknown) falls back to home downstream.
+    private String paneWorkingDirectory() {
+        return active != null ? active.currentWorkingDirectory() : initialWorkingDirectory;
+    }
+
+    // Wire the pane's self-exit (process ended) back to the compositor so it gets reaped.
+    private TerminalPane register(TerminalPane pane) {
+        pane.setOnExit(() -> onPaneExit.accept(pane));
+        return pane;
     }
 
     private static boolean directionFilter(Direction direction, TerminalPane current, TerminalPane candidate) {
@@ -337,4 +436,14 @@ final class Tab implements AutoCloseable {
         tiled.clear();
         floating.clear();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Signals and reaps every pane's shell process without tearing down render state. Safe to call
+     * off the FX thread (see {@link TerminalPane#terminateSession()}); iterates snapshots so a
+     * concurrent close on the FX thread can't trigger a {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException}.
+     */
+    public void terminateSessions() {
+        List.copyOf(tiled).forEach(TerminalPane::terminateSession);
+        List.copyOf(floating).forEach(TerminalPane::terminateSession);
+    }
 }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalMetrics.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ public final class TerminalMetrics {
     private double cellWidth;
     private double lineHeight;
     private double baselineOffset;
+    // One rasterized-glyph atlas per window, shared by every pane's renderer (the masks are a pure
+    // function of the font geometry below). It self-invalidates when these metrics change.
+    private final GlyphCache glyphCache = new GlyphCache(this);
 
     public TerminalMetrics(String fontFamily, double fontSize) {
         setFont(fontFamily, fontSize);
@@ -59,6 +62,11 @@ public final class TerminalMetrics {
         return baselineOffset;
     }
 
+    /** The window's shared glyph atlas (see {@link GlyphCache}). */
+    public GlyphCache glyphCache() {
+        return glyphCache;
+    }
+
     /** Columns that fit in a pane of the given pixel width (after subtracting the padding). */
     public int columnsFor(double widthPx) {
         return Math.max(1, (int) ((widthPx - 2 * PADDING) / cellWidth));

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalPane.java

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import dev.jlibghostty.RenderStateSnapshot;
 import dev.jlibghostty.ScrollViewport;
 import dev.jlibghostty.Terminal;
 import dev.jlibghostty.TerminalOptions;
+import javafx.application.Platform;
 import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
 import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
 
@@ -38,7 +39,11 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
     // tracking meaningful: update() accumulates dirty since the last resetDirty().
     private final RenderState renderState = new RenderState();
     private RenderStateSnapshot cachedSnapshot;
-    private ShellSession session;
+    private volatile ShellSession session;
+    // Run once (on the FX thread) when this pane's process exits on its own, so the owning tab can
+    // remove it. Set by the Tab that creates the pane; null until then.
+    private Runnable onExit;
+    private boolean exited;
     // Clip region for rendering (rect minus the panes covering this one), set at layout time;
     // null means clip to the plain bounds. See RenderTarget#clip().
     private Shape clip;
@@ -69,9 +74,32 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
      * columns and rows fit, and that grid is handed to ghostty and the shell at start-up. A
      * non-positive size falls back to the configured default grid (used before the first
      * layout, when no rect is known yet). The pane owns the shell session it starts and runs
-     * {@code onContentChange} on every content change.
+     * {@code onContentChange} on every content change. The shell starts in {@code workingDirectory}
+     * (e.g. the active pane's cwd), or the user's home when {@code null}.
      */
-    public static TerminalPane create(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange, double widthPx, double heightPx) {
+    public static TerminalPane create(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange,
+            double widthPx, double heightPx, String workingDirectory) {
+        TerminalPane pane = newPane(config, metrics, onContentChange, widthPx, heightPx);
+        pane.attach(ShellSession.start(config.shell(), config.envOverride(), pane, pane.columns, pane.rows,
+                workingDirectory, config.closeSignalNumber()));
+        return pane;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a pane whose process runs {@code command} directly (via {@code /bin/sh -c}) instead of
+     * an interactive shell. The pane auto-closes when the command exits. See
+     * {@link ShellSession#startCommand}.
+     */
+    public static TerminalPane createWithCommand(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange,
+            double widthPx, double heightPx, String workingDirectory, String command) {
+        TerminalPane pane = newPane(config, metrics, onContentChange, widthPx, heightPx);
+        pane.attach(ShellSession.startCommand(config.envOverride(), pane, pane.columns, pane.rows,
+                workingDirectory, command, config.closeSignalNumber()));
+        return pane;
+    }
+
+    private static TerminalPane newPane(AppConfig config, TerminalMetrics metrics, Runnable onContentChange,
+            double widthPx, double heightPx) {
         int columns = widthPx > 0 ? metrics.columnsFor(widthPx) : config.columns();
         int rows = heightPx > 0 ? metrics.rowsFor(heightPx) : config.rows();
         Terminal terminal = Ghostty.open(new TerminalOptions(columns, rows, config.maxScrollback()));
@@ -79,10 +107,31 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         TerminalPane pane = new TerminalPane(terminal, metrics, config.kittyGraphics(), onContentChange,
                 new GhosttyTerminalRenderer(metrics), columns, rows);
         pane.refresh();
-        pane.attach(ShellSession.start(config.shell(), config.envOverride(), pane, columns, rows));
         return pane;
     }
 
+    /** Sets the callback run when this pane's process exits on its own (see {@link #handleSessionExit}). */
+    public void setOnExit(Runnable onExit) {
+        this.onExit = onExit;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called from the shell reader thread when the pty stream ends without us closing it (the
+     * process exited). Hops to the FX thread and fires {@link #onExit} once, so tab/compositor
+     * mutation happens on the thread that owns the layout.
+     */
+    void handleSessionExit() {
+        Platform.runLater(() -> {
+            if (exited) {
+                return;
+            }
+            exited = true;
+            if (onExit != null) {
+                onExit.run();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
     private void attach(ShellSession session) {
         this.session = session;
         terminal.setPtyWriter(bytes -> {
@@ -115,6 +164,19 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Paste text to the shell: ghostty sanitises it (stripping anything that could smuggle in
+     * control sequences) and wraps it in the bracketed-paste markers, then it goes to the pty
+     * like typed input. We always request bracketed mode — every modern shell and editor enables
+     * DECSET 2004, and the jlibghostty API does not expose querying the terminal's live mode.
+     */
+    public void paste(String text) {
+        if (text == null || text.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        send(Ghostty.encodePaste(text, true));
+    }
+
     public boolean sendMouse(MouseInput input, MouseEncoderSize size, boolean anyButtonPressed) {
         synchronized (terminal) {
             mouseEncoder.syncFromTerminal(terminal);
@@ -192,6 +254,12 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         }
     }
 
+    /** Best-effort current working directory of this pane's shell, or {@code null} if unknown. */
+    public String currentWorkingDirectory() {
+        ShellSession current = session;
+        return current != null ? current.currentWorkingDirectory() : null;
+    }
+
     /** This pane's own content revision, bumped on every change (see {@link #refresh()}). */
     public long contentVersion() {
         return contentVersion.get();
@@ -282,6 +350,16 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         onContentChange.run();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Drop this pane's large, rebuildable render buffers because it is no longer being composited
+     * (e.g. it sits in a background tab or a hidden floating group). The pixel backbuffer and its GPU
+     * image are freed; the shell, ghostty terminal and shared glyph atlas are untouched, and the next
+     * {@link #paintFull} rebuilds the buffer. Safe to call repeatedly. See {@link TerminalRenderer#release}.
+     */
+    public void releaseRenderResources() {
+        renderer.release();
+    }
+
     /** Paint the whole pane; see {@link TerminalRenderer#paintFull}. */
     public long paintFull(GraphicsContext gc, boolean active) {
         renderer.paintFull(gc, this, active);
@@ -294,14 +372,35 @@ public final class TerminalPane implements AutoCloseable, RenderTarget {
         return snapshotVersion;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Kitty image placements from the most recent paint, in scene coordinates. The compositor
+     * renders these as overlay nodes clipped to this pane (see {@link KittyImageOverlay}).
+     */
+    public java.util.List<KittyImageNode> kittyImages() {
+        return renderer.kittyImages();
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void close() {
         if (session != null) {
-            session.close();
+            session.closeDetached();
             session = null;
         }
         mouseEncoder.close();
         renderState.close();
         terminal.close();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Signals and reaps just the shell process, leaving the render/native state untouched. Unlike
+     * {@link #close()} this is safe to call off the FX thread — notably from a JVM shutdown hook,
+     * which runs concurrently with the live render loop — because it only touches the pty (a child
+     * process and fd), not ghostty's terminal handles. Idempotent; the OS reclaims the rest on exit.
+     */
+    public void terminateSession() {
+        ShellSession current = session;
+        if (current != null) {
+            current.close();
+        }
+    }
 }

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalRenderer.java

@@ -25,6 +25,22 @@ abstract class TerminalRenderer {
     /** Repaint only what changed since the last frame, clipped to the target's clip region. */
     abstract void paintIncremental(GraphicsContext gc, RenderTarget target, boolean active);
 
+    /**
+     * The kitty image placements produced by the most recent paint, for the compositor to render
+     * as overlay nodes above the canvas. Empty unless the last paint found visible images.
+     */
+    java.util.List<KittyImageNode> kittyImages() {
+        return java.util.List.of();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Release any large, rebuildable render buffers (e.g. a pane's pixel backbuffer) because the
+     * target is no longer being composited. A no-op by default; the next paint must rebuild whatever
+     * was dropped. Called off the paint path, so it must not assume a frame is in progress.
+     */
+    void release() {
+    }
+
     protected static void clipRect(GraphicsContext gc, double x, double y, double width, double height) {
         gc.beginPath();
         gc.rect(x, y, width, height);

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/TerminalWindow.java

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import javafx.animation.AnimationTimer;
+import javafx.geometry.Rectangle2D;
+import javafx.scene.Scene;
+import javafx.scene.control.ButtonType;
+import javafx.scene.control.ComboBox;
+import javafx.scene.control.Dialog;
+import javafx.scene.control.Label;
+import javafx.scene.control.Spinner;
+import javafx.scene.control.SpinnerValueFactory;
+import javafx.scene.input.Clipboard;
+import javafx.scene.input.KeyEvent;
+import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
+import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
+import javafx.scene.text.Font;
+import javafx.stage.Screen;
+import javafx.stage.Stage;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * One top-level terminal window: its own {@link Stage}, {@link Compositor}, config/metrics, render
+ * loop and input handling. Many of these live in a single JVM under a {@link WindowManager}; closing
+ * one tears down only that window (its shells, its Stage) and leaves the rest — and, in daemon mode,
+ * the JVM — running. Built on the FX thread.
+ */
+final class TerminalWindow {
+    private final WindowManager manager;
+    private final TerminalMetrics metrics;
+    private final Compositor compositor;
+    private final Stage stage;
+    private final AnimationTimer renderLoop;
+    private AppConfig config;
+    private boolean closed;
+
+    TerminalWindow(WindowManager manager, String workingDirectory) {
+        this.manager = manager;
+        // Each window loads config independently, so edits (and per-window font changes) apply to
+        // newly opened windows without disturbing existing ones.
+        config = AppConfig.load();
+        StartupTiming.mark("config loaded");
+        metrics = new TerminalMetrics(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
+        StartupTiming.mark("fonts loaded");
+        compositor = new Compositor(config, metrics, workingDirectory);
+        StartupTiming.mark("compositor ready");
+
+        // The last pane closing closes this window (not the JVM); see teardown().
+        compositor.setOnEmpty(this::teardown);
+
+        StackPane root = new StackPane(compositor.canvas(), compositor.imageOverlay());
+        compositor.canvas().widthProperty().bind(root.widthProperty());
+        compositor.canvas().heightProperty().bind(root.heightProperty());
+
+        Scene scene = new Scene(root, config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
+        scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, this::handlePressed);
+        scene.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_TYPED, this::handleTyped);
+
+        renderLoop = new AnimationTimer() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(long now) {
+                compositor.render();
+                StartupTiming.firstFrame();
+            }
+        };
+        renderLoop.start();
+
+        stage = new Stage();
+        stage.setTitle("jprototerm");
+        stage.setScene(scene);
+        // The X11 WM close button: tear this window down explicitly. With implicit exit disabled
+        // (see WindowManager) nothing else would reap the shells or drop the window otherwise.
+        stage.setOnCloseRequest(event -> teardown());
+        centreOnActiveScreen(stage, config.windowWidth(), config.windowHeight());
+        stage.show();
+        StartupTiming.mark("stage shown");
+        // Ask the window manager to raise and focus the new window so the user can type right
+        // away; the canvas requestFocus() below only routes events within the scene.
+        stage.toFront();
+        stage.requestFocus();
+        compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fully tears this window down (FX thread, idempotent): stops rendering, closes the compositor —
+     * which signals pane shells via the configured {@code close_signal} — disposes the Stage, and
+     * notifies the manager so it can drop the window (and, in standalone mode, exit the JVM). Both
+     * the WM close button and the last-pane-closed hook route through here.
+     */
+    void teardown() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        closed = true;
+        renderLoop.stop();
+        compositor.close();
+        stage.close();
+        manager.onWindowClosed(this);
+    }
+
+    /** Signals and reaps this window's shell processes without touching render state (off-FX safe). */
+    void terminateSessions() {
+        compositor.terminateSessions();
+    }
+
+    private void handlePressed(KeyEvent event) {
+        if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_left").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.navigate(Direction.LEFT);
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_down").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.navigate(Direction.DOWN);
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_up").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.navigate(Direction.UP);
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("navigate_right").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.navigate(Direction.RIGHT);
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("toggle_floating").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.toggleFloating();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("new_pane").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.createPane();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("next_floating").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.nextFloatingPane();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("promote_floating").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.toggleActiveFloating();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("close_pane").matches(event)) {
+            // Closing the last pane closes this window, via the compositor's onEmpty hook.
+            compositor.closeActivePane();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("new_tab").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.newTab();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("previous_tab").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.previousTab();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("next_tab").matches(event)) {
+            compositor.nextTab();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("open_font_selector").matches(event)) {
+            openFontSelector();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("open_scrollback").matches(event)) {
+            openScrollbackInEditor();
+            event.consume();
+        } else if (config.keybindings().get("paste").matches(event)) {
+            pasteFromClipboard();
+            event.consume();
+        } else {
+            String encoded = KeyEncoder.encode(event);
+            if (encoded != null) {
+                compositor.activePane().send(encoded);
+                event.consume();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleTyped(KeyEvent event) {
+        if (event.isAltDown() || event.isControlDown() || event.isMetaDown()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String text = event.getCharacter();
+        if (text != null && !text.isEmpty() && text.charAt(0) >= 0x20 && text.charAt(0) != 0x7f) {
+            compositor.activePane().send(text);
+            event.consume();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void pasteFromClipboard() {
+        Clipboard clipboard = Clipboard.getSystemClipboard();
+        if (clipboard.hasString()) {
+            compositor.activePane().paste(clipboard.getString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void openFontSelector() {
+        Dialog<ButtonType> dialog = new Dialog<>();
+        dialog.setTitle("Font");
+        dialog.getDialogPane().getButtonTypes().addAll(ButtonType.OK, ButtonType.CANCEL);
+
+        ComboBox<String> family = new ComboBox<>();
+        family.getItems().setAll(Font.getFamilies());
+        family.setEditable(true);
+        family.setMaxWidth(Double.MAX_VALUE);
+        family.setValue(config.fontFamily());
+
+        Spinner<Double> size = new Spinner<>();
+        size.setEditable(true);
+        size.setValueFactory(new SpinnerValueFactory.DoubleSpinnerValueFactory(6.0, 48.0, config.fontSize(), 0.5));
+
+        GridPane content = new GridPane();
+        content.setHgap(10.0);
+        content.setVgap(10.0);
+        content.add(new Label("Family"), 0, 0);
+        content.add(family, 1, 0);
+        content.add(new Label("Size"), 0, 1);
+        content.add(size, 1, 1);
+        dialog.getDialogPane().setContent(content);
+
+        dialog.showAndWait()
+                .filter(button -> button == ButtonType.OK)
+                .ifPresent(ignored -> {
+                    String selectedFamily = family.getEditor().getText();
+                    if (selectedFamily == null || selectedFamily.isBlank()) {
+                        selectedFamily = family.getValue();
+                    }
+                    if (selectedFamily == null || selectedFamily.isBlank()) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    double selectedSize = size.getValue();
+                    config = config.withFont(selectedFamily.trim(), selectedSize);
+                    config.save();
+                    compositor.setFont(config.fontFamily(), config.fontSize());
+                    compositor.canvas().requestFocus();
+                });
+    }
+
+    private void openScrollbackInEditor() {
+        try {
+            // Capture the active pane's scrollback before opening the floating pane, since that
+            // makes the new pane active.
+            Path file = Files.createTempFile("jprototerm-scrollback-", ".txt");
+            Files.writeString(file, compositor.activePane().scrollbackText());
+            file.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+            // Run the editor as the floating pane's process (via /bin/sh -c) rather than typing the
+            // command into an interactive shell. The command runs deterministically from the start
+            // — no shell startup/rc race — and the pane auto-closes when the editor exits.
+            compositor.openFloatingPane(scrollbackEditorCommand(file));
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            System.err.println("Could not open scrollback in editor: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String scrollbackEditorCommand(Path file) {
+        String quotedFile = shellQuote(file.toString());
+        String command = config.scrollbackEditorCommand();
+        if (command == null || command.isBlank()) {
+            command = "vi {file}";
+        }
+        if (command.contains("{file}")) {
+            return command.replace("{file}", quotedFile);
+        }
+        return command + " " + quotedFile;
+    }
+
+    private static String shellQuote(String value) {
+        return "'" + value.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") + "'";
+    }
+
+    // Centre the stage within the screen the mouse pointer is on (the best proxy for the
+    // "active" monitor on X11, which exposes no focused-monitor concept to JavaFX).
+    private static void centreOnActiveScreen(Stage stage, double width, double height) {
+        Rectangle2D bounds = activeScreen().getVisualBounds();
+        stage.setX(bounds.getMinX() + ((bounds.getWidth() - width) / 2.0));
+        stage.setY(bounds.getMinY() + ((bounds.getHeight() - height) / 2.0));
+    }
+
+    private static Screen activeScreen() {
+        int[] at = X11Pointer.query();
+        if (at != null) {
+            // libX11 and JavaFX share a coordinate space on the X11 virtual screen.
+            List<Screen> screens = Screen.getScreensForRectangle(at[0], at[1], 1.0, 1.0);
+            if (!screens.isEmpty()) {
+                return screens.get(0);
+            }
+        }
+        return Screen.getPrimary();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/WindowManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import javafx.application.Platform;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
+
+/**
+ * Owns the JavaFX toolkit lifecycle and the set of live {@link TerminalWindow}s for one JVM. A
+ * single JVM hosts every window, so the expensive toolkit/GL init is paid once; opening another
+ * window is then just a new {@link javafx.stage.Stage}.
+ *
+ * <p>Two modes differ only in the empty policy: in {@link Mode#STANDALONE} (today's behavior, used
+ * as the fallback when no daemon is reachable) the JVM exits once the last window closes; in
+ * {@link Mode#DAEMON} the toolkit stays alive with zero windows, waiting for the next client
+ * request. {@link Platform#setImplicitExit(boolean) implicit exit} is disabled in both so the
+ * toolkit never tears itself down behind our back — every exit is an explicit decision here.
+ */
+public final class WindowManager {
+    public enum Mode {
+        STANDALONE,
+        DAEMON
+    }
+
+    private final Mode mode;
+    // Mutated on the FX thread (register/deregister), iterated from the shutdown-hook thread.
+    private final Set<TerminalWindow> windows = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>();
+
+    private WindowManager(Mode mode) {
+        this.mode = mode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Brings up the JavaFX toolkit (once per JVM) and returns a manager in {@code mode}. Registers a
+     * shutdown hook that reaps every window's shell processes, so child shells are terminated rather
+     * than orphaned if the JVM is killed (SIGTERM/SIGINT/SIGHUP) — see
+     * {@link Compositor#terminateSessions()}.
+     */
+    public static WindowManager start(Mode mode) {
+        WindowManager manager = new WindowManager(mode);
+        Platform.setImplicitExit(false);
+        Platform.startup(() -> StartupTiming.mark("toolkit ready"));
+        Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(manager::terminateAllSessions, "shell-cleanup"));
+        return manager;
+    }
+
+    /** Opens a new window (on the FX thread) whose first pane starts in {@code workingDirectory}. */
+    public void openWindow(String workingDirectory) {
+        Platform.runLater(() -> windows.add(new TerminalWindow(this, workingDirectory)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by a window when it has finished tearing down (FX thread). Drops it from the registry
+     * and, in standalone mode, exits the JVM once none remain.
+     */
+    void onWindowClosed(TerminalWindow window) {
+        windows.remove(window);
+        if (mode == Mode.STANDALONE && windows.isEmpty()) {
+            Platform.exit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Signals and reaps every live window's shell processes. Safe to call off the FX thread. */
+    void terminateAllSessions() {
+        for (TerminalWindow window : windows) {
+            window.terminateSessions();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gregor/jprototerm/X11Pointer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package com.gregor.jprototerm;
+
+import java.lang.foreign.Arena;
+import java.lang.foreign.FunctionDescriptor;
+import java.lang.foreign.Linker;
+import java.lang.foreign.MemorySegment;
+import java.lang.foreign.SymbolLookup;
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
+
+import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.ADDRESS;
+import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.JAVA_INT;
+import static java.lang.foreign.ValueLayout.JAVA_LONG;
+
+/**
+ * Reads the X11 pointer location directly via libX11 ({@code XQueryPointer}). Unlike AWT's
+ * {@code MouseInfo}, this never calls {@code XSetErrorHandler}, so it doesn't trip GDK's
+ * "XSetErrorHandler called with a GDK error trap pushed" warning when JavaFX's GTK backend is
+ * already up. Returns {@code null} when not on X11 or libX11 can't be loaded.
+ */
+final class X11Pointer {
+    private X11Pointer() {
+    }
+
+    /** {@code {x, y}} of the pointer in X root-window (virtual screen) space, or {@code null}. */
+    static int[] query() {
+        try (Arena arena = Arena.ofConfined()) {
+            Linker linker = Linker.nativeLinker();
+            SymbolLookup x11 = SymbolLookup.libraryLookup("libX11.so.6", arena);
+            MethodHandle openDisplay = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XOpenDisplay").orElseThrow(),
+                    FunctionDescriptor.of(ADDRESS, ADDRESS));
+            MethodHandle defaultRootWindow = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XDefaultRootWindow").orElseThrow(),
+                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_LONG, ADDRESS));
+            MethodHandle queryPointer = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XQueryPointer").orElseThrow(),
+                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_INT, ADDRESS, JAVA_LONG,
+                            ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS, ADDRESS));
+            MethodHandle closeDisplay = linker.downcallHandle(x11.find("XCloseDisplay").orElseThrow(),
+                    FunctionDescriptor.of(JAVA_INT, ADDRESS));
+
+            MemorySegment display = (MemorySegment) openDisplay.invoke(MemorySegment.NULL);
+            if (display.address() == 0) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            try {
+                long root = (long) defaultRootWindow.invoke(display);
+                MemorySegment rootReturn = arena.allocate(JAVA_LONG);
+                MemorySegment childReturn = arena.allocate(JAVA_LONG);
+                MemorySegment rootX = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
+                MemorySegment rootY = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
+                MemorySegment winX = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
+                MemorySegment winY = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
+                MemorySegment mask = arena.allocate(JAVA_INT);
+                int onSameScreen = (int) queryPointer.invoke(display, root,
+                        rootReturn, childReturn, rootX, rootY, winX, winY, mask);
+                if (onSameScreen == 0) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return new int[] { rootX.get(JAVA_INT, 0), rootY.get(JAVA_INT, 0) };
+            } finally {
+                closeDisplay.invoke(display);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable ignored) {
+            // Not X11, libX11 missing, or the call failed — caller falls back to the primary screen.
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}