better floating nac

Cargo.lock

@@ -2319,6 +2319,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "png",
  "portable-pty",
  "serde",
+ "shell-words",
  "toml",
  "wgpu",
 ]

Cargo.toml

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ libghostty-vt = { version = "=0.2.1", features = ["png"] }
 png = "0.18"
 portable-pty = "0.9"
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+shell-words = "1"
 toml = "0.9"
 wgpu = { version = "27", default-features = false, features = ["std", "vulkan", "gles", "metal", "wgsl"] }
 

config.example.toml

@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@
 # regular-only fonts retain synthetic bold/italic emphasis.
 font_size = 16
 scrollback = 10000
+# Command for opening scrollback; omit to use $EDITOR, or vi if unset.
+# Supports quoted arguments; the scrollback file path is appended automatically.
+# Runs directly without shell expansion. The editor should stay in the foreground.
+# scrollback_editor = "nvim -R"
 window_width = 1100
 window_height = 720
 
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@ floating_max_height = 640
 "Alt+F" = "toggle_floats"
 "Alt+M" = "new_pane"
 "Alt+H" = "focus_left"
+# With floating panes shown, J/K cycle forward/backward through them.
 "Alt+J" = "focus_down"
 "Alt+K" = "focus_up"
 "Alt+L" = "focus_right"
@@ -67,6 +72,8 @@ floating_max_height = 640
 "Alt+Shift+H" = "previous_tab"
 "Alt+Shift+L" = "next_tab"
 "Alt+X" = "close_pane"
+# Open scrollback in scrollback_editor (or $EDITOR/vi), returning on exit.
+"Alt+S" = "open_scrollback"
 "Ctrl+Shift+Z" = "zoom_pane"
 "Ctrl+Shift+R" = "reload_config"
 "Ctrl+Shift+C" = "copy"

flake.nix

@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@
               checkFlags = [
                 "--test-threads=1"
                 "--skip=app::tests::"
+                "--skip=pane::scrollback_tests::"
                 "--skip=tests::pty_executes_input_and_bracketed_paste_is_sanitized"
                 "--skip=tests::new_panes_start_in_the_directory_of_the_pane_they_came_from"
                 "--skip=tests::osc7_wins_over_the_process_directory_but_only_for_this_machine"

src/app.rs

@@ -235,6 +235,13 @@ impl App {
                 }
             }
             Action::Paste => ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaste),
+            Action::OpenScrollback => {
+                self.panes.get_mut(&active).unwrap().open_scrollback(
+                    &self.config,
+                    &self.theme,
+                    ctx,
+                )?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -425,6 +432,7 @@ impl eframe::App for App {
                         ("Zoom / restore", Action::ZoomPane),
                         ("Next pane", Action::NextPane),
                         ("Close pane", Action::ClosePane),
+                        ("Open scrollback in editor", Action::OpenScrollback),
                     ] {
                         if ui.button(label).clicked() {
                             action = Some(a);
@@ -571,7 +579,7 @@ fn grab_keys(ctx: &egui::Context) {
 }
 
 /// Corner rounding shared by a pane's border and its title bar.
-const CORNER: u8 = 5;
+const CORNER: u8 = theme::CORNER_RADIUS;
 
 fn show_pane(
     ui: &mut egui::Ui,
@@ -638,7 +646,7 @@ fn show_pane(
         rect,
         CORNER,
         Stroke::new(
-            1.0_f32,
+            theme::BORDER_WIDTH,
             if active {
                 accent
             } else {

src/config.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub font_bold_italic_path: Option<PathBuf>,
     pub font_fallbacks: Vec<String>,
     pub scrollback: usize,
+    pub scrollback_editor: Option<String>,
     pub window_width: f32,
     pub window_height: f32,
     pub theme: String,
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ pub enum Action {
     ReloadConfig,
     Copy,
     Paste,
+    OpenScrollback,
 }
 
 impl Default for Kitty {
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ impl Default for Config {
             font_bold_italic_path: None,
             font_fallbacks: Vec::new(),
             scrollback: 10000,
+            scrollback_editor: None,
             window_width: 1100.0,
             window_height: 720.0,
             theme: theme::DEFAULT_NAME.into(),
@@ -135,6 +138,7 @@ impl Default for Config {
                 ("Alt+Shift+H", Action::PreviousTab),
                 ("Alt+Shift+L", Action::NextTab),
                 ("Alt+X", Action::ClosePane),
+                ("Alt+S", Action::OpenScrollback),
                 ("Ctrl+Shift+Z", Action::ZoomPane),
                 ("Ctrl+Shift+R", Action::ReloadConfig),
                 ("Ctrl+Shift+C", Action::Copy),
@@ -186,6 +190,14 @@ impl Config {
             !config.shell.is_empty() && !config.shell[0].is_empty(),
             "shell must contain an executable"
         );
+        if let Some(editor) = &config.scrollback_editor {
+            let command =
+                shell_words::split(editor).context("Invalid scrollback_editor command")?;
+            ensure!(
+                !command.is_empty() && !command[0].is_empty(),
+                "scrollback_editor must contain an executable"
+            );
+        }
         ensure!(
             (8.0..=48.0).contains(&config.font_size),
             "font_size must be 8..48"
@@ -307,6 +319,10 @@ mod tests {
             "font_fallbacks = [' ']",
             "font_family = 'Test'\nfont_path = '/font.ttf'",
             "shell = []",
+            "scrollback_editor = ''",
+            "scrollback_editor = ' '",
+            "scrollback_editor = \"''\"",
+            "scrollback_editor = \"'\"",
             "background = '#xx0000'",
             "font_sze = 16",
             "[keys]\n'Hyper+Q' = 'close_pane'",
@@ -330,6 +346,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("Alt+Shift+H", Action::PreviousTab),
             ("Alt+Shift+L", Action::NextTab),
             ("Alt+X", Action::ClosePane),
+            ("Alt+S", Action::OpenScrollback),
         ] {
             assert_eq!(config.keys.get(binding), Some(&action));
             assert!(shortcut(binding).unwrap().modifiers.alt);

src/input.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,25 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
 use libghostty_vt::{Terminal, key};
 
+/// Avoid libghostty-vt 0.2.1's encode_to_vec capacity calculation, which can
+/// reserve too little when the destination already has some spare capacity.
+pub fn append_encoded(
+    out: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    mut encode: impl FnMut(&mut [u8]) -> libghostty_vt::error::Result<usize>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut buffer = [0; 128];
+    match encode(&mut buffer) {
+        Ok(written) => out.extend_from_slice(&buffer[..written]),
+        Err(libghostty_vt::Error::OutOfSpace { required }) => {
+            let mut buffer = vec![0; required];
+            let written = encode(&mut buffer)?;
+            out.extend_from_slice(&buffer[..written]);
+        }
+        Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn mods(m: egui::Modifiers) -> key::Mods {
     let mut out = key::Mods::empty();
     if m.ctrl {
@@ -71,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn encode(terminal: &Terminal<'_, '_>, events: &[egui::Event]) -> Result<Vec
                     })
                     .set_unshifted_codepoint(ucp)
                     .set_utf8(text);
-                encoder.encode_to_vec(&event, &mut out)?;
+                append_encoded(&mut out, |buffer| encoder.encode(&event, buffer))?;
             }
             egui::Event::Text(text) if !used_text.contains(&index) => {
                 event
@@ -81,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn encode(terminal: &Terminal<'_, '_>, events: &[egui::Event]) -> Result<Vec
                     .set_consumed_mods(key::Mods::empty())
                     .set_unshifted_codepoint('\0')
                     .set_utf8(Some(text.as_str()));
-                encoder.encode_to_vec(&event, &mut out)?;
+                append_encoded(&mut out, |buffer| encoder.encode(&event, buffer))?;
             }
             egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit(text)) => {
                 out.extend_from_slice(text.as_bytes())

src/layout.rs

@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ pub struct Tab {
     pub floats: Vec<PaneId>,
     pub active: PaneId,
     pub floats_visible: bool,
+    last_active_float: Option<PaneId>,
     pub zoomed: bool,
 }
 
@@ -163,6 +164,7 @@ impl Tab {
             floats: vec![],
             active: pane,
             floats_visible: false,
+            last_active_float: None,
             zoomed: false,
         }
     }
@@ -177,6 +179,9 @@ impl Tab {
     pub fn detach(&mut self, id: PaneId) {
         self.root = self.root.take().and_then(|r| r.remove(id));
         self.floats.retain(|p| *p != id);
+        if self.last_active_float == Some(id) {
+            self.last_active_float = None;
+        }
         if self.floats.is_empty() {
             self.floats_visible = false;
         }
@@ -201,17 +206,29 @@ impl Tab {
         self.floats_visible = !self.floats_visible;
         self.zoomed = false;
         if self.floats_visible {
-            if let Some(id) = self.floats.last() {
+            if let Some(id) = self
-                self.active = *id;
+                .last_active_float
-            }
+                .filter(|id| self.floats.contains(id))
-        } else if self.floats.contains(&self.active)
+                .or_else(|| self.floats.last().copied())
-            && let Some(root) = &self.root
             {
+                self.active = id;
+            }
+        } else if self.floats.contains(&self.active) {
+            self.last_active_float = Some(self.active);
+            if let Some(root) = &self.root {
                 self.active = root.first();
             }
         }
+    }
 
     pub fn focus_direction(&mut self, direction: Direction, rects: &[(PaneId, Rect)]) {
+        if self.floats_visible
+            && !self.floats.is_empty()
+            && matches!(direction, Direction::Down | Direction::Up)
+        {
+            self.cycle(matches!(direction, Direction::Up));
+            return;
+        }
         let Some((_, source)) = rects
             .iter()
             .find(|(id, _)| *id == self.active && self.is_visible(*id))
@@ -322,6 +339,51 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(tab.is_visible(2));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn showing_floats_restores_the_pane_active_when_hidden() {
+        let mut tab = Tab::new(1, 1);
+        tab.root.as_mut().unwrap().split(1, 2, Axis::Horizontal);
+        tab.floats = vec![3, 4, 5];
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 5);
+        tab.cycle(true);
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 4);
+
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 1);
+        tab.cycle(false);
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 2);
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 4);
+
+        tab.cycle(true);
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 3);
+
+        tab.root = None;
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn showing_floats_falls_back_when_remembered_pane_is_detached() {
+        for dock in [false, true] {
+            let mut tab = Tab::new(1, 1);
+            tab.floats = vec![2, 3];
+            tab.floats_visible = true;
+            tab.active = 2;
+            tab.toggle_floats();
+            tab.detach(2);
+            if dock {
+                tab.root.as_mut().unwrap().split(1, 2, Axis::Horizontal);
+            }
+            tab.toggle_floats();
+            assert_eq!(tab.active, 3);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn directional_focus_uses_geometry_and_ignores_hidden_or_foreign_panes() {
         let mut tab = Tab::new(1, 1);
@@ -375,6 +437,30 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn up_and_down_cycle_visible_floats_without_geometry() {
+        let mut tab = Tab::new(1, 1);
+        tab.floats = vec![2, 3, 4];
+        tab.floats_visible = true;
+        for (direction, expected) in [
+            (Direction::Down, 2),
+            (Direction::Down, 3),
+            (Direction::Down, 4),
+            (Direction::Down, 2),
+            (Direction::Up, 4),
+            (Direction::Up, 3),
+            (Direction::Up, 2),
+        ] {
+            tab.focus_direction(direction, &[]);
+            assert_eq!(tab.active, expected);
+        }
+
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 1);
+        tab.toggle_floats();
+        assert_eq!(tab.active, 2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn visible_floats_constrain_directional_and_cyclic_navigation() {
         let mut tab = Tab::new(1, 1);
@@ -395,6 +481,8 @@ mod tests {
             (Direction::Right, 4),
             (Direction::Down, 5),
             (Direction::Left, 6),
+            (Direction::Up, 5),
+            (Direction::Up, 4),
             (Direction::Up, 3),
         ] {
             tab.focus_direction(direction, &rects);

src/pane.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     render::{Grid, Renderer, cell_size},
     theme::{self, Theme},
 };
-use anyhow::{Result, ensure};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result, ensure};
 use egui::{FontId, Rect, Sense, vec2};
 use libghostty_vt::{
     Terminal, TerminalOptions, mouse,
@@ -31,8 +31,193 @@ pub struct Pane {
     callback_error: Rc<RefCell<Option<String>>>,
     mouse_encoder: mouse::Encoder<'static>,
     mouse_event: mouse::Event<'static>,
+    scrollback_scroll: ScrollAccumulator,
+    mouse_scroll: ScrollAccumulator,
     selection_start: Option<PointCoordinate>,
     focused: bool,
+    saved_session: Option<(Box<Pane>, ScrollbackFile)>,
+}
+
+struct ScrollbackFile(PathBuf);
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ScrollAccumulator(f32);
+
+impl ScrollAccumulator {
+    fn rows(&mut self, delta: f32) -> isize {
+        self.0 += delta;
+        let rows = self.0.trunc();
+        self.0 -= rows;
+        rows as isize
+    }
+
+    fn wheel(&mut self, unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit, delta: f32, cell: f32, page: u16) -> isize {
+        self.rows(match unit {
+            egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point => delta / cell,
+            egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line => delta * 3.0,
+            egui::MouseWheelUnit::Page => delta * f32::from(page),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScrollbackFile {
+    fn new(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        use std::{
+            fs::OpenOptions,
+            io::Write,
+            os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt,
+            sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        };
+        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        loop {
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+                "slerm-scrollback-{}-{}.txt",
+                std::process::id(),
+                NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+            ));
+            match OpenOptions::new()
+                .write(true)
+                .create_new(true)
+                .mode(0o600)
+                .open(&path)
+            {
+                Ok(mut file) => {
+                    let temporary = Self(path);
+                    file.write_all(bytes)?;
+                    return Ok(temporary);
+                }
+                Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => continue,
+                Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod scroll_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn precise_scrolling_preserves_distance_across_frames() {
+        let mut scroll = ScrollAccumulator::default();
+        // Sub-pixel events from a slow gesture must eventually move a row.
+        let rows: isize = (0..128).map(|_| scroll.rows(0.25 / 16.0)).sum();
+        assert_eq!(rows, 2);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.0, 0.0);
+
+        let mut batched = ScrollAccumulator::default();
+        assert_eq!(batched.rows(32.0 / 16.0), rows);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(1.75), 1);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(0.25), 1);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(-0.75), 0);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(-0.25), -1);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(0.75), 0);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.rows(-0.75), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mouse_tracking_respects_precise_distance_and_wheel_units() {
+        use egui::MouseWheelUnit::{Line, Page, Point};
+        let mut scroll = ScrollAccumulator::default();
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Point, 0.0, 16.0, 24), 0);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Point, 4.0, 16.0, 24), 0);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Point, 12.0, 16.0, 24), 1);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Point, -32.0, 16.0, 24), -2);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Line, 1.0, 16.0, 24), 3);
+        assert_eq!(scroll.wheel(Page, -1.0, 16.0, 24), -24);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod scrollback_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn editor_receives_history_and_restores_original_session_on_exit() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let config = Config {
+            shell: vec![
+                "/bin/sh".into(),
+                "-c".into(),
+                "read answer; printf ORIGINAL_ALIVE; read answer".into(),
+            ],
+            scrollback_editor: Config::parse(
+                "scrollback_editor = \"/bin/sh -c 'printf EDITOR_READY; read answer' editor\"",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+            .scrollback_editor,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut pane = Pane::new(&config, &theme::DEFAULT, &ctx, None).unwrap();
+        pane.terminal.resize(12, 2, 8, 16).unwrap();
+        pane.terminal
+            .vt_write(b"history\r\n\x1b[31mred\x1b[0m\r\nlong line that wraps\r\nlast");
+        pane.open_scrollback(&config, &theme::DEFAULT, &ctx)
+            .unwrap();
+        let (original, file) = pane.saved_session.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(!original.dead);
+        let path = file.0.clone();
+        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            contents.contains("history\nred\nlong line that wraps\nlast"),
+            "{contents:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(!contents.contains('\x1b'));
+        pane.send(b"done\n".to_vec()).unwrap();
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(5);
+        while pane.saved_session.is_some() && Instant::now() < deadline {
+            pane.drain(&ctx);
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+        assert!(pane.saved_session.is_none());
+        assert!(!pane.dead);
+        assert!(!path.exists());
+        pane.send(b"continue\n".to_vec()).unwrap();
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(5);
+        loop {
+            pane.drain(&ctx);
+            let text = libghostty_vt::fmt::Formatter::new(
+                &pane.terminal,
+                libghostty_vt::fmt::FormatterOptions::new().with_unwrap(true),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+            .format_alloc(None)
+            .unwrap();
+            if String::from_utf8_lossy(&text).contains("ORIGINAL_ALIVE") {
+                break;
+            }
+            assert!(
+                Instant::now() < deadline,
+                "original process did not resume input"
+            );
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_editor_leaves_the_original_pane_intact() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let config = Config {
+            shell: vec!["/bin/sh".into()],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut pane = Pane::new(&config, &theme::DEFAULT, &ctx, None).unwrap();
+        for editor in ["", "'", "/no/such/slerm-editor"] {
+            assert!(
+                pane.open_scrollback_with_editor(&config, &theme::DEFAULT, &ctx, editor)
+                    .is_err()
+            );
+            assert!(pane.saved_session.is_none());
+            assert!(!pane.dead);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ScrollbackFile {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&self.0);
+    }
 }
 
 /// OSC 7 carries a `file://host/path` URL. Only a directory on this machine can be
@@ -100,6 +285,8 @@ pub fn terminal(config: &Config, theme: &Theme) -> Result<Terminal<'static, 'sta
     })?;
     term.resize(80, 24, 8, 16)?;
     apply_config(&mut term, config, theme)?;
+    term.set_default_cursor_style(Some(terminal::CursorStyle::BlockHollow))?;
+    term.vt_write(b"\x1b[0 q");
     term.on_xtversion(|_| Some(concat!("slerm ", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))))?;
     term.on_device_attributes(|_| {
         Some(terminal::DeviceAttributes {
@@ -177,12 +364,18 @@ impl Pane {
             callback_error,
             mouse_encoder,
             mouse_event,
+            scrollback_scroll: ScrollAccumulator::default(),
+            mouse_scroll: ScrollAccumulator::default(),
             selection_start: None,
             focused: false,
+            saved_session: None,
         })
     }
 
     pub fn drain(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        if let Some((session, _)) = &mut self.saved_session {
+            session.drain(ctx);
+        }
         // Bound work per frame as well as queued bytes, so one busy PTY cannot starve others.
         let mut drained = 0;
         for _ in 0..64 {
@@ -208,6 +401,66 @@ impl Pane {
         if drained == 64 {
             ctx.request_repaint();
         }
+        if self.dead
+            && let Some((session, _file)) = self.saved_session.take()
+        {
+            *self = *session;
+            ctx.request_repaint();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn open_scrollback(
+        &mut self,
+        config: &Config,
+        theme: &Theme,
+        ctx: &egui::Context,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.saved_session.is_some() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let editor = config
+            .scrollback_editor
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| std::env::var("EDITOR").unwrap_or_else(|_| "vi".into()));
+        self.open_scrollback_with_editor(config, theme, ctx, &editor)
+    }
+
+    fn open_scrollback_with_editor(
+        &mut self,
+        config: &Config,
+        theme: &Theme,
+        ctx: &egui::Context,
+        editor: &str,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        use libghostty_vt::fmt::{Formatter, FormatterOptions};
+        let mut command =
+            shell_words::split(editor).context("Invalid scrollback editor command")?;
+        ensure!(
+            !command.is_empty() && !command[0].is_empty(),
+            "Scrollback editor command is empty"
+        );
+        self.drain(ctx);
+        let bytes = Formatter::new(
+            &self.terminal,
+            FormatterOptions::new().with_trim(true).with_unwrap(true),
+        )?
+        .format_alloc(None)?;
+        let file = ScrollbackFile::new(&bytes).context("Cannot save scrollback")?;
+        command.push(
+            file.0
+                .to_str()
+                .context("Scrollback path is not valid UTF-8")?
+                .into(),
+        );
+        let mut editor_config = config.clone();
+        editor_config.shell = command;
+        let mut editor_pane = Self::new(&editor_config, theme, ctx, self.cwd().as_deref())
+            .context("Cannot open scrollback editor")?;
+        editor_pane.last_rect = self.last_rect;
+        let session = std::mem::replace(self, editor_pane);
+        self.saved_session = Some((Box::new(session), file));
+        ctx.request_repaint();
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn send(&mut self, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
@@ -220,6 +473,7 @@ impl Pane {
             .try_send(bytes)
             .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("PTY input queue: {e}"))?;
         self.terminal.scroll_viewport(ScrollViewport::Bottom);
+        self.scrollback_scroll = ScrollAccumulator::default();
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -337,6 +591,12 @@ impl Pane {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let modifiers = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
         let tracking = self.terminal.is_mouse_tracking()? && !modifiers.shift;
+        if !response.hovered() || tracking {
+            self.scrollback_scroll = ScrollAccumulator::default();
+        }
+        if !response.hovered() || !tracking {
+            self.mouse_scroll = ScrollAccumulator::default();
+        }
         let pos = response
             .interact_pointer_pos()
             .or_else(|| ui.input(|i| i.pointer.hover_pos()));
@@ -385,8 +645,9 @@ impl Pane {
                                 mouse::Action::Release
                             })
                             .set_button(Some(button));
-                        self.mouse_encoder
+                        input::append_encoded(&mut data, |buffer| {
-                            .encode_to_vec(&self.mouse_event, &mut data)?;
+                            self.mouse_encoder.encode(&self.mouse_event, buffer)
+                        })?;
                     }
                     egui::Event::PointerMoved(_) => {
                         let button = ui.input(|i| {
@@ -401,20 +662,23 @@ impl Pane {
                         self.mouse_event
                             .set_action(mouse::Action::Motion)
                             .set_button(button);
-                        self.mouse_encoder
+                        input::append_encoded(&mut data, |buffer| {
-                            .encode_to_vec(&self.mouse_event, &mut data)?;
+                            self.mouse_encoder.encode(&self.mouse_event, buffer)
+                        })?;
                     }
-                    egui::Event::MouseWheel { delta, .. } => {
+                    egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit, delta, .. } => {
+                        let rows = self.mouse_scroll.wheel(unit, delta.y, cell.y, self.size.1);
                         self.mouse_event
                             .set_action(mouse::Action::Press)
-                            .set_button(Some(if delta.y > 0.0 {
+                            .set_button(Some(if rows > 0 {
                                 mouse::Button::Four
                             } else {
                                 mouse::Button::Five
                             }));
-                        for _ in 0..3 {
+                        for _ in 0..rows.unsigned_abs() {
-                            self.mouse_encoder
+                            input::append_encoded(&mut data, |buffer| {
-                                .encode_to_vec(&self.mouse_event, &mut data)?;
+                                self.mouse_encoder.encode(&self.mouse_event, buffer)
+                            })?;
                         }
                     }
                     _ => {}
@@ -447,10 +711,9 @@ impl Pane {
             }
             if response.hovered() {
                 let scroll = ui.input(|i| i.raw_scroll_delta.y);
-                if scroll.abs() >= 1.0 {
+                let rows = self.scrollback_scroll.rows(scroll / cell.y);
-                    self.terminal.scroll_viewport(ScrollViewport::Delta(
+                if rows != 0 {
-                        -(scroll / cell.y).round() as isize,
+                    self.terminal.scroll_viewport(ScrollViewport::Delta(-rows));
-                    ));
                 }
             }
         }

src/render.rs

@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ use libghostty_vt::{
     kitty::graphics::{DecodePng, DecodedImage, ImageFormat, Layer, PlacementIterator},
     render::{CellIterator, Colors, CursorVisualStyle, Dirty, RowIterator},
     screen::CellWide,
-    style::{RgbColor, Underline},
+    style::{RgbColor, Style, Underline},
+    terminal::Mode,
 };
 use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     io::Cursor,
     sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
 /// Where a pane's terminal is drawn this frame, and the colors that are slerm's
@@ -143,6 +145,23 @@ struct CachedRow {
     backgrounds: Vec<egui::Shape>,
     foregrounds: Vec<egui::Shape>,
     selection: Option<(u16, u16)>,
+    cells: Vec<CachedCell>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+struct CellAppearance {
+    text: String,
+    style: Style,
+    fg: Color32,
+    bg: Color32,
+    background: bool,
+    wide: CellWide,
+}
+
+struct CachedCell {
+    appearance: CellAppearance,
+    backgrounds: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    foregrounds: std::ops::Range<usize>,
 }
 
 fn layout_glyph(painter: &Painter, text: String, font: &FontId, height: f32) -> Arc<egui::Galley> {
@@ -205,8 +224,12 @@ pub struct Renderer {
     cached_selection: (Color32, Color32),
     cached_cell: egui::Vec2,
     cached_cols: u16,
+    frame: Vec<egui::epaint::ClippedShape>,
+    sync_started: Option<Instant>,
     #[cfg(test)]
     rebuilt_rows: usize,
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    rebuilt_cells: usize,
 }
 
 impl Renderer {
@@ -225,8 +248,12 @@ impl Renderer {
             cached_selection: (Color32::PLACEHOLDER, Color32::PLACEHOLDER),
             cached_cell: egui::Vec2::ZERO,
             cached_cols: 0,
+            frame: Vec::new(),
+            sync_started: None,
             #[cfg(test)]
             rebuilt_rows: 0,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            rebuilt_cells: 0,
         })
     }
 
@@ -256,9 +283,26 @@ impl Renderer {
         if fonts_changed {
             self.row_cache.clear();
             self.glyphs.clear();
+            self.frame.clear();
         }
         self.font_marker = Some(marker);
         self.cached_cell = cell;
+        // Editors may clear and redraw in separate PTY reads. Keep presenting
+        // the last complete frame until DEC synchronized output ends. Bound
+        // the wait so a crashed application cannot leave the display frozen.
+        if term.mode(Mode::SYNC_OUTPUT)? {
+            let elapsed = self.sync_started.get_or_insert_with(Instant::now).elapsed();
+            let timeout = Duration::from_secs(1);
+            if elapsed < timeout && !self.frame.is_empty() {
+                painter.ctx().request_repaint_after(timeout - elapsed);
+                self.present(&painter, rect);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.sync_started = None;
+        }
+        let screen_rect = rect;
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, rect.size());
         let style_fonts = painter.ctx().fonts(|fonts| {
             [(false, false), (true, false), (false, true), (true, true)].map(|(bold, italic)| {
                 let family = crate::fonts::family(bold, italic);
@@ -304,7 +348,8 @@ impl Renderer {
         self.cached_colors = Some(colors.clone());
         self.cached_selection = selected_colors;
         self.cached_cols = cols;
-        painter.rect_filled(rect, 0, color(colors.background));
+        let mut shapes = vec![egui::Shape::rect_filled(rect, 0, color(colors.background))];
+        let mut cursor_shapes = Vec::new();
         let mut rows = self.rows.update(&snapshot)?;
         let mut text = String::new();
         let mut y = 0;
@@ -343,18 +388,43 @@ impl Renderer {
                 if selected {
                     (bg, fg) = selected_colors;
                 }
-                if explicit_bg.is_some() || style.inverse || selected {
-                    backgrounds.push(egui::Shape::rect_filled(cell_rect, 0, bg));
-                }
                 if style.faint {
                     fg = fg.gamma_multiply(0.6);
                 }
                 let wide = c.raw_cell()?.wide()?;
+                text.clear();
+                c.graphemes_utf8(&mut text)?;
+                let appearance = CellAppearance {
+                    text: text.clone(),
+                    style,
+                    fg,
+                    bg,
+                    background: explicit_bg.is_some() || style.inverse || selected,
+                    wide,
+                };
+                // Dirty flags are row-granular. Compare cells so edits in one
+                // split don't rebuild its unchanged neighbor on the same row.
+                let background_start = backgrounds.len();
+                let foreground_start = foregrounds.len();
+                if let Some(old) = self.row_cache[y].cells.get(x)
+                    && old.appearance == appearance
+                {
+                    backgrounds
+                        .extend_from_slice(&self.row_cache[y].backgrounds[old.backgrounds.clone()]);
+                    foregrounds
+                        .extend_from_slice(&self.row_cache[y].foregrounds[old.foregrounds.clone()]);
+                } else {
+                    #[cfg(test)]
+                    {
+                        self.rebuilt_cells += 1;
+                    }
+                    if appearance.background {
+                        backgrounds.push(egui::Shape::rect_filled(cell_rect, 0, bg));
+                    }
                     if !style.invisible
                         && !matches!(wide, CellWide::SpacerHead | CellWide::SpacerTail)
                         && c.graphemes_len()? > 0
                     {
-                    c.graphemes_utf8(&mut text)?;
                         // Placeholder cells are reserved by the Kitty protocol, not printable text.
                         if let Some(separator) = powerline_shape(&text, cell_rect, fg) {
                             foregrounds.push(separator);
@@ -409,6 +479,12 @@ impl Renderer {
                             ));
                         }
                     }
+                }
+                cached.cells.push(CachedCell {
+                    appearance,
+                    backgrounds: background_start..backgrounds.len(),
+                    foregrounds: foreground_start..foregrounds.len(),
+                });
                 x += 1;
             }
             self.row_cache[y] = cached;
@@ -419,7 +495,7 @@ impl Renderer {
         let mut seen = HashSet::new();
         for layer in [Layer::BelowBg, Layer::BelowText, Layer::AboveText] {
             if layer == Layer::BelowText {
-                painter.extend(
+                shapes.extend(
                     self.row_cache
                         .iter()
                         .flat_map(|row| row.backgrounds.iter())
@@ -431,7 +507,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                 );
             }
             if layer == Layer::AboveText {
-                painter.extend(
+                shapes.extend(
                     self.row_cache
                         .iter()
                         .flat_map(|row| row.foregrounds.iter())
@@ -451,6 +527,7 @@ impl Renderer {
                 &mut self.placements,
                 &mut self.textures,
                 &mut seen,
+                &mut shapes,
             )?;
         }
         self.textures.retain(|id, _| seen.contains(id));
@@ -465,25 +542,74 @@ impl Renderer {
             match snapshot.cursor_visual_style()? {
                 CursorVisualStyle::Bar if active => {
                     cursor_rect.max.x = cursor_rect.min.x + 2.0;
-                    painter.rect_filled(cursor_rect, 0, c);
+                    shapes.push(egui::Shape::rect_filled(cursor_rect, 0, c));
                 }
                 CursorVisualStyle::Underline if active => {
                     cursor_rect.min.y = cursor_rect.max.y - 2.0;
-                    painter.rect_filled(cursor_rect, 0, c);
+                    shapes.push(egui::Shape::rect_filled(cursor_rect, 0, c));
+                }
+                CursorVisualStyle::Block if active => {
+                    shapes.push(egui::Shape::rect_filled(cursor_rect, 0, c));
+                    // Redraw the covered glyph in the background color so an
+                    // application's solid block cursor leaves text readable.
+                    let ink = color(colors.background);
+                    cursor_shapes.extend(
+                        self.row_cache[cursor.y as usize]
+                            .foregrounds
+                            .iter()
+                            .cloned()
+                            .map(|mut shape| {
+                                shape.translate(rect.min.to_vec2());
+                                egui::epaint::shape_transform::adjust_colors(
+                                    &mut shape,
+                                    move |color| {
+                                        if *color != Color32::TRANSPARENT {
+                                            *color = ink;
+                                        }
+                                    },
+                                );
+                                egui::epaint::ClippedShape {
+                                    clip_rect: cursor_rect.intersect(rect),
+                                    shape,
+                                }
+                            }),
+                    );
                 }
                 _ => {
-                    painter.rect_stroke(
+                    shapes.push(egui::Shape::rect_stroke(
                         cursor_rect,
-                        0,
+                        theme::CURSOR_CORNER_RADIUS,
-                        Stroke::new(if active { 1.5_f32 } else { 0.75_f32 }, c),
+                        Stroke::new(theme::BORDER_WIDTH, c),
                         egui::StrokeKind::Inside,
-                    );
+                    ));
                 }
             }
         }
         snapshot.set_dirty(Dirty::Clean)?;
+        self.frame = shapes
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|shape| egui::epaint::ClippedShape {
+                clip_rect: rect,
+                shape,
+            })
+            .chain(cursor_shapes)
+            .collect();
+        self.present(&painter, screen_rect);
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    fn present(&self, painter: &Painter, rect: Rect) {
+        for cached in &self.frame {
+            let mut shape = cached.shape.clone();
+            shape.translate(rect.min.to_vec2());
+            let clip = cached
+                .clip_rect
+                .translate(rect.min.to_vec2())
+                .intersect(rect)
+                .intersect(painter.clip_rect());
+            painter.with_clip_rect(clip).add(shape);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -496,6 +622,7 @@ fn paint_images(
     iterator: &mut PlacementIterator<'_>,
     textures: &mut HashMap<u32, (u64, TextureHandle)>,
     seen: &mut HashSet<u32>,
+    shapes: &mut Vec<egui::Shape>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let graphics = term.kitty_graphics()?;
     let mut placements = iterator.update(&graphics)?;
@@ -570,7 +697,12 @@ fn paint_images(
     }
     images.sort_by_key(|(z, id, pid, _, _)| (*z, *id, *pid));
     for (_, id, _, dest, uv) in images {
-        painter.image(textures[&id].1.id(), dest, uv, Color32::WHITE);
+        shapes.push(egui::Shape::image(
+            textures[&id].1.id(),
+            dest,
+            uv,
+            Color32::WHITE,
+        ));
     }
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -681,6 +813,69 @@ mod tests {
         .shapes
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn scrolling_one_editor_split_reuses_unchanged_cells() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut term =
+            crate::pane::terminal(&crate::config::Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
+        term.resize(20, 5, 8, 16).unwrap();
+        term.vt_write(b"\x1b[?25l");
+        for row in 1..=5 {
+            term.vt_write(format!("\x1b[{row};1Hleft {row}    right {row}").as_bytes());
+        }
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(12.0, 24.0), vec2(200.0, 120.0));
+        let font = FontId::monospace(16.0);
+        let mut renderer = Renderer::new().unwrap();
+        frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font);
+        assert_eq!(renderer.rebuilt_cells, 100);
+
+        // Simulate an editor repainting entire rows while only its left split changes.
+        for row in 1..=5 {
+            term.vt_write(format!("\x1b[{row};1Hleft {}    right {row}", row + 1).as_bytes());
+        }
+        let actual = frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font);
+        assert_eq!(renderer.rebuilt_cells, 105, "only five digits changed");
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual,
+            frame(&ctx, &mut Renderer::new().unwrap(), &term, rect, &font)
+        );
+        // Rewriting identical text should reuse every cell, even on dirty rows.
+        term.vt_write(b"\x1b[1;1Hleft 2    right 1");
+        frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font);
+        assert_eq!(renderer.rebuilt_cells, 105);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn synchronized_updates_keep_the_last_complete_frame() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut term =
+            crate::pane::terminal(&crate::config::Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
+        term.resize(20, 5, 8, 16).unwrap();
+        term.vt_write(b"\x1b[?25lleft buffer\r\nright buffer");
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(12.0, 24.0), vec2(200.0, 120.0));
+        let font = FontId::monospace(16.0);
+        let mut renderer = Renderer::new().unwrap();
+        let initial = frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font);
+        let cells = renderer.rebuilt_cells;
+        term.vt_write(b"\x1b[?2026h\x1b[2J\x1b[Hpartial");
+        assert!(term.mode(Mode::SYNC_OUTPUT).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(initial, frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font));
+        assert_eq!(renderer.rebuilt_cells, cells);
+        term.vt_write(b"\rcomplete\r\nright buffer\x1b[?2026l");
+        let completed = frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font);
+        assert_ne!(initial, completed);
+        assert_eq!(
+            completed,
+            frame(&ctx, &mut Renderer::new().unwrap(), &term, rect, &font)
+        );
+
+        // A missing end marker must not freeze the terminal indefinitely.
+        term.vt_write(b"\x1b[?2026h\x1b[Htimeout");
+        assert_eq!(completed, frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font));
+        renderer.sync_started = Some(Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(2));
+        assert_ne!(completed, frame(&ctx, &mut renderer, &term, rect, &font));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cached_rows_match_fresh_rendering_after_terminal_changes() {
         use libghostty_vt::{

src/tests.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,29 @@ fn key(key: Key, modifiers: Modifiers) -> Event {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn cursor_defaults_to_hollow_and_respects_application_styles() {
+    use libghostty_vt::{RenderState, render::CursorVisualStyle};
+
+    let mut term = pane::terminal(&Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
+    let mut state = RenderState::new().unwrap();
+    let snapshot = state.update(&term).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        snapshot.cursor_visual_style().unwrap(),
+        CursorVisualStyle::BlockHollow
+    );
+    for (sequence, expected) in [
+        (b"\x1b[2 q", CursorVisualStyle::Block),
+        (b"\x1b[4 q", CursorVisualStyle::Underline),
+        (b"\x1b[6 q", CursorVisualStyle::Bar),
+        (b"\x1b[0 q", CursorVisualStyle::BlockHollow),
+    ] {
+        term.vt_write(sequence);
+        let snapshot = state.update(&term).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.cursor_visual_style().unwrap(), expected);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn terminal_preserves_unicode_colors_and_application_input_modes() {
     let mut term = pane::terminal(&Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
@@ -57,6 +80,54 @@ fn terminal_preserves_unicode_colors_and_application_input_modes() {
     assert!(plain(&term).contains("hello red"));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn input_encoding_grows_buffers_without_losing_events() {
+    let term = pane::terminal(&Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
+    let mut events = vec![Event::Text("a".into()), Event::Text("123456789".into())];
+    let long_text = "界".repeat(200);
+    events.push(Event::Text(long_text.clone()));
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        events.push(key(Key::ArrowUp, Modifiers::NONE));
+    }
+    let expected = format!("a123456789{long_text}{}", "\x1b[A".repeat(100));
+    assert_eq!(input::encode(&term, &events).unwrap(), expected.as_bytes());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mouse_encoding_appends_when_destination_has_insufficient_spare_capacity() {
+    use libghostty_vt::mouse;
+
+    let mut term = pane::terminal(&Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();
+    term.vt_write(b"\x1b[?1000h\x1b[?1006h");
+    let mut encoder = mouse::Encoder::new().unwrap();
+    encoder
+        .set_options_from_terminal(&term)
+        .set_size(mouse::EncoderSize {
+            screen_width: 800,
+            screen_height: 600,
+            cell_width: 8,
+            cell_height: 16,
+            padding_top: 0,
+            padding_bottom: 0,
+            padding_left: 0,
+            padding_right: 0,
+        });
+    let mut event = mouse::Event::new().unwrap();
+    event
+        .set_action(mouse::Action::Press)
+        .set_button(Some(mouse::Button::Left))
+        .set_position(mouse::Position { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 });
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(16);
+    out.resize(9, b'x');
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        input::append_encoded(&mut out, |buffer| encoder.encode(&event, buffer)).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        out,
+        format!("xxxxxxxxx{}", "\x1b[<0;1;1M".repeat(100)).as_bytes()
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn queries_return_to_the_pty_and_alternate_screen_restores() {
     let mut term = pane::terminal(&Config::default(), &theme::DEFAULT).unwrap();

src/theme.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ use libghostty_vt::style::{Palette, PaletteIndex, RgbColor};
 /// integers rather than anything that needs allocating or parsing at startup.
 pub type Rgb = u32;
 
+/// Shared stroke width for pane borders and the default hollow cursor.
+pub const BORDER_WIDTH: f32 = 1.0;
+pub const CORNER_RADIUS: u8 = 5;
+pub const CURSOR_CORNER_RADIUS: u8 = 2;
+
 /// Every color slerm draws with. A theme covers the terminal grid, the sixteen
 /// ANSI colors programs address by index, and the chrome around them, so that
 /// picking a light theme does not leave a dark tab bar behind.